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I^eference  Eibrarp 


A  LABORATORY  GUIDE 

IN 

HISTOLOGY 


By 

LESLIE  BRAINERD  AREY,  Ph.D. 

Associate  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  Northwestern 
University  Medical  School 


PHILADELPHIA  AND  LONDON 

W.  B.  SAUNDERS   COMPANY 
1917 


Copyright,  1917,  by  W.  B.  Saunders  Company 

ay\5'5  5' 


PRINTED   IN  AMERICA 


PREFACE. 

The  purpose  of  this  book  is  to  furnish  laboratory  instruc- 
tions adapted  for  use  in  any  standard  course  of  normal  His- 
tology. With  the  exception  of  gross  anatomy,  no  laboratory 
subject  today  enjoys  more  uniformity  of  presentation  than 
does  Histolog^^  In  the  study  of  the  fundamental  tissues 
greater  flexibiUty  of  treatment  exists  than  in  the  micro- 
scopic anatomy  of  organs,  yet  in  both  definite  routine  struc- 
tures must  be  observed  and  their  inter-relations  and  sig- 
nificance emphasized.  For  this  reason  it  is  hoped  that  a  labo- 
ratory guide  designed  to  accomplish  these  ends,  without 
reference  to  the  peculiarities  of  any  particular  course,  may 
prove  useful. 

For  the  most  part,  directions  involving  fresh  tissues  and 
organs,  or  specially  stained  and  treated  preparations,  illus- 
trative of  uncommon  features,  have  been  omitted.  This  is 
done  not  with  the  intention  of  minimizing  their  importance^ 
but  because  it  is  in  these  minutiae  that  courses  vary  most. 

An  attempt  has  been  made  to  put  the  treatment  through- 
out on  an  inductive  basis.  Rather  than  presenting  a  mere 
h'st  of  structures  to  be  identified,  in  so  far  as  is  practicable, 
the  student  is  led  to  scrutinize,  explain,  and  reach  indepen- 
dent conclusions.  The  frequent  interjection  of  appropriate 
queries  should  relieve  the  instructor  of  much  tedious  and 
often  belated  individual  quizzing  and  directing. 

L.  B.  A. 
Chicago,  III. 
August,  1 917. 


Digitized  by  tine  Internet  Arciiive 

in  2010  witii  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


http://www.archive.org/details/laboratoryguideiOOarey 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Introduction ii 

PART  I.— CYTOLOGY. 

CHAPTER  I. 

The  Cell  and  Cell  Division 14 

Resting  Cell,  14;  Amitosis,  15;  Mitosis,  15. 

PART  II.— HISTOLOGY. 

CHAPTER  n. 

The  Epithelial  Tissues 16 

Simple  Epithelia,  16;  Pseudo-st ratified  Epithelia,  17; 
Stratified  Epithelia,  17;   Modified  Epithelia,  18. 

CHAPTER  HI. 

The  Sustentative  Tissues 20 

Connective  Tissue,  20;  Cartilage,  23;  Bone,  24;  Blood, 
26;  Bone  Marrow,  28. 

CHAPTER  IV. 

The  Muscular  Tissues 29 

Xon-striate  (Smooth)  Muscle,  29;    Striate  Muscle,  29. 

CHAPTER  V. 

The  Nervous  Tissues 31 

Cells,  31;    Fibers,  32. 

PART  HI.— MICROSCOPIC  ANATOMY  OF  ORGANS. 

CHAPTER  VI. 

The  Circulatory  System ^^:^ 

Capillaries  and  Precapillaries,  ^^-j  Arterioles  and  Venules, 
3^;  .Arteries,  34;  Veins,  35;  Heart,  35;  Lymph  Vessels,  35. 

CHAPTER   MI. 

The  Lymphatic  Organs 36 

Diffuse  Lymjjhoid  Tissue,  36;  Lymph  Nodules,  36;  Tonsil, 
37;  Lymi)h  (jiand  or  -Node,  37;  Hemolymph  (Hand  or 
-Node,  38;    Spleen,  38. 

9 


lO  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  VIII.  PAGE 

The  Ductless  Glands 40 

Thymus,  40;  Thyreoid,  40;  Parathyreoid,  41;  Supra- 
renal, 41;  Carotid  Gland,  42;  Hypophysis  (Pituitary 
Body),  42;   Epiphysis  (Pineal  Body),  43. 

CHAPTER  IX. 

Serous  and  Mucous  Membranes  and  Glands 44 

Serous  Membranes,  44;  Mucous  Membranes,  44;  Glands, 
44. 

CHAPTER  X. 

The  Digestive  System 46 

The  oral  cavity,  46;  Lip,  46;  Teeth,  46;  Tongue,  47; 
Soft  Palate,  48. 

The  digestive  tube,  48;  Esophagus,  48;  Cardio-esopha- 
geal  Junction,  49;  Stomach,  49;  Small  Intestine,  50; 
Large  Intestine,  51;  Rectum  and  Anus,  52;  Blood  Vessels 
of  the  Digestive  Tube,  52;  Nerves  of  the  Digestive  Tube, 
52. 

The  glands  of  digestion,  52;  Salivary  Glands,  52;  Pan- 
creas, 54;   Liver,  54. 

CHAPTER  XI. 

The  Respiratory  System 57 

Larynx,  57;  Trachea,  Bronchi  and  Bronchioles,  57; 
Lung,  57. 

CHAPTER  XII. 

The  Urinary  System 59 

Kidney,  59;    Ureter,  60;    Bladder,  61;    Urethra,  61. 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

The  Reproductive  System 62 

Male  genital  organs,  62;  Testis,  62;  Ductuli  efferentes, 
63;  Ductus  epididymidis,  63;  Ductus  deferens,  64;  Semi- 
nal Vesicle,  64;  Prostate,  64;  Penis  and  Male  Urethra,  65. 
Female  genital  organs,  66;  Ovary,  66;  Uterine  Tube, 
67;  Uterus,  68;  Decidual  Membranes,  69;  Vagina,  70; 
Mammary  Gland,  70. 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

The  Skin  and  Cutaneous  Appendages 71 

Skin,  71;  Nails,  72;  Hair,  73;  Sebaceous  Glands,  73; 
Sweat  Glands,  74;   Mammary  Gland,  74. 

Index 77 


A  LABORATORY  GUIDE  IN 
HISTOLOGY. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The  directions  in  this  manual  are  designed  to  economize 
the  student's  time  by  reducing  to  a  minimum  the  mis- 
directed energy  which  is  inevitable  when  an  unfamiliar 
subject  is  pursued  without  guidance.  The  instructions  for 
each  topic  are  arranged  in  logical  sequence  and  should  be 
followed  in  the  order  given. 

Theoretically  it  is  desirable  to  approach  laboratory  work 
with  one's  mind  unbiased  by  preconceptions  derived  from 
texts.  Owing,  however,  to  the  crowded  curriculum  this 
time-consuming  method  is  impracticable.  Hence  it  is 
essential  to  prepare  for  each  laboratory  period  by  reading 
previously  an  account  of  the  work  to  be  covered  that  day. 
In  this  way  a  preparation  and  perspective  are  gained  which 
can  not  be  obtained  by  using  the  laboratory  as  a  reading 
room. 

The  ability  to  make  accurate  observations  is  the  hardest 
of  all  accomplishments,  yet  it  is  the  one  indispensable  req- 
uisite for  scientific  achievement.  To  merely  look  and  to 
intelligently  observe  are  distinct  processes.  How  often 
have  we  looked  at  our  watch  only  to  have  to  immediately 
look  again  when  asked  the  time!  Endeavor  to  develop 
the  ability  to  make  independent  observations  and  conclu- 
sions, avoiding,  in  so  far  as  possible,  slavish  dependence  on 
books.     Follow  Agassiz's  advice:    ^ Study  Nature  not  books.' 


12  LABORATORY   GUIDE   IN  HISTOLOGY. 

Students  often  waste  much  time  by  not  planning  their 
work  and  properly  distributing  the  available  working  time. 
Always  begin  by  studying  preparations  under  low  magni- 
fication, thereby  learning  the  general  topography  or  archi- 
tecture; finally,  under  high  magnification,  systematically 
work  out  the  detailed  structure  part  by  part. 

Become  thoroughly  familiar  with  a  preparation  before 
attempting  to  draw  it.  Draw  only  when  its  structure  has 
been  mastered,  a  suitable  field  chosen,  and  when  a  decision 
has  been  reached  as  to  the  features  to  be  portrayed  and  the 
size  and  style  of  drawing  which  will  best  accomplish  this  end. 

Remember  that  the  making  of  drawings  is  not  Histology. 
It  is,  however,  a  successful  method  of  teaching  Histology. 
The  act  of  carefully  drawing  an  object  in  its  accurate  pro- 
portions, and  of  representing  faithfully  its  minute  anatomy 
automatically  fixes  its  structure  upon  the  mind.  Moreover, 
it  both  stimulates  further  observation  and  the  correction 
of  erroneous  ideas,  for  it  is  astounding  how  imperfect  one's 
knowledge  appears  when  an  attempt  is  made  to  express  it 
pictorially. 

Drawings  should  portray  the  actual  preparations  studied. 
The  adaption  of  text  figures  or  the  including. of  features  not 
seen  personally  constitutes  one  type  of  intellectual  dis- 
honesty. 

Some  students  seek  to  excuse  poor  or  slovenly  drawings 
on  the  basis  that  they  'are  not  artists.'  Although  the 
natural  aptitude  for  drawing  varies,  the  failure  to  produce 
creditable  work  is  inexcusable.  Poor  drawings  are  due  to 
insufficient  knowledge  of  the  structures  involved,  and  to 
lack  of  neatness,  care,  and  endeavor.  So-called  artistic 
drawings  are  often  worthless  as  accurate  observational 
records,  whereas  patience,  interest,  and  a  sharp  pencil  need 
never  fail  to  produce  an  acceptable  result. 


INTRODUCTION,  13 

Finally,  do  not  fall  into  the  error  of  basing  conclusions 
on  single  observations — the  particular  region  you  observed 
may  have  been  atypical  or  have  involved  artefacts  or 
pathological  changes.  Unfortunately  Histology,  of  neces- 
sity, deals  largely  with  sections  confined  to  a  single  plane. 
Learn  to  analyze  a  structure  and  to  reconstruct  it  mentally 
as  a  visualized  model.  Avoid  becoming  a  two-dimensional 
histologist: 


PART  I.— CYTOLOGY. 

CHAPTER  I. 
THE  CELL  AND  CELL  DIVISION. 

A.  Resting  Cell. 

1.  Squamous  cells.  Place  scrapings  from  the  inside  of 
the  cheek  on  a  slide,  add  a  drop  of  alcohol  and  cover  with 
cover-slip.  Note  the  scale-hke  cells,  their  shape,  granules, 
and  prominent  nuclei.     Are  such  cells  living? 

2.  Liver  cells  of  salamander.  Study  single  cells  inten- 
sively, noting:  shape  and  size  of  cells  and  nuclei;  cell  mem- 
brane; cytoplasm;  spongioplasm  (cytoreticulum)  of  fused 
cytoplasmic  granules;  hyaloplasm  (cytolymph)  occupying 
interstices;  nuclear  membrane;  chromatin  net;  chromatin 
knots  (karyosomes) ;  karyoplasm. 

3.  Mammalian  ovum.  Study  the  large  spherical  ova 
only,  disregarding  the  surrounding  follicle  cells  and  other 
ovarian  tissue.  In  addition  to  the  structures  seen  in  (2) 
observe  the  distinctly  rounded  nucleolus.  Define  a  nucle- 
olus;  a  karyosome. 

4.  Multipolar  nerve  cell.  (From  ventral  horn  of  spinal 
cord.)  Identify  and  study:  cytoplasm;  ^Nissl  granules^; 
cell  processes;  nucleus;  nucleolus. 

Compare  corresponding  structures  in  the  several  types  of 
cells  studied.  What  do  you  conclude  as  to  the  structure  of 
protoplasm?    Functions  of  nucleus  and  cytoplasm? 

14 


THE   CELL   AND    CELL   DIVISION.  15 

B.  Amitosis. 

Study  budding  cells  of  yeast  or  constricting  epithelial 
cells  of'  bladder.  Note  various  stages  in  the  formation  of 
daughter  cells. 

C.  Mitosis. 
I.  Study  stages  in  the  mitotic  division  of  animal  or  plant 
cells.    (Centrosomes  and  astral  rays  are  not  present  in  the 
cells  of  flowering  plants.)    Become  famihar  with  the  char- 
acteristic features  of  the  following  stages: 

(a)  Prophase :  Loose  and  close  spireme;  formation  of 
chromosomes;  nuclear  membrane?;  equatorial  plate 
in  side  and  end  view;    centrosome? 

(b)  Metaphase:  Nuclear  membrane?;  chromosome 
division;    spindle;   asters. 

(c)  Anaphase:    Stages  in  the  migration  of  chromo- 

somes to  the  poles  of  the  spindle. 

(d)  Telophase:  Formation  of  daughter  nuclei;  reap- 
pearance of  nuclear  membrane;  centrosome?;  divi- 
sion of  cytoplasm;  general  return  to  resting  condi- 
tion. 

What  does  the  compUcated  process  of  mitosis  accompHsh? 
Significance  of  chromosomes?  What  are  the  causative 
stimuH  of  cell  division? 

2.  Compare  with  normal  mitoses  stages  from  pathological  {cancerous) 
tissue.    Observe  multipolar  and  asymmetrical  types. 


PART  II.— HISTOLOGY. 

CHAPTER  II. 
THE  EPITHELIAL  TISSUES. 

A.   Simple  Epithelia. 

1.  Squamous. 

(a)  Mesothelium.  Study  surface  of  mesothelium,  from 
the  mesentery,  the  cell  outHnes  of  which  have  been 
made  prominent  by  treatment  with  silver.  Note : 
shape  of  cells;  sinuous  cell  boundaries;  position 
and  shape  of  nucleus. 

Explain  the  silver  deposit.  What  is  intercellular  ce- 
ment?   Define  a  mesothelium. 

(&)  Endothelium.  Study  silvered  preparation  of  capil- 
laries. Compare  the  shape  and  outhne  of  cells  with 
those  of  a  mesothelium.    Define  an  endothelium. 

(c)  Squamous  Epithelium  (e.g.,  amnion).  In  transverse 
sections,  note  the  spindle  shape  of  cells  and  posi- 
tion of  nuclei.  What  would  be  their  appearance 
in  surface  view?    Could  you  model  a  cell  with  clay? 

2.  Cubical. 

(a)  Transverse  sections  (e.  g.,  allantois).  Note  the  shape 
of  the  cells  and  the  position  and  size  of  their  nuclei. 

{h)  Surface  view  (e.g.,  allantois).  Observe  the  regu- 
larity of  the  design.  How  many  sides  have  the 
cells?    Reason?    Frequency  of  exceptions? 

3.  Columnar. 

(a)  From  the  small  intestine.     Note:    shape  of  cell; 
16 


THE    EPITHELIAL    TISSUES.  1 7 

free  end;  basal  end;  cuticula;  basement  membrane 
{membrana  propria) ;  position  of  nucleus;  arrange- 
ment of  cytoplasmic  granules;  unicellular  (goblet) 
gland  cells;  intercellular  cement;  ter?ninal  bars. 

In  the  goblet  cells,  note:  position  of  nucleus;  cyto- 
plasm; secretion;  character  of  the  secretion  and 
stages  in  its  formation;   discharged  cells. 

What  is  a  cuticula?  Cuticle?  Structure  of  basement 
membranes?  Origin  and  function  of  goblet  cells? 
Does  a  goblet  cell  die  after  it  discharges? 

(b)  Compare  the  columnar  epithelium  just  studied 
with  that  of  the  colon. 

B.   Pseudo-stratified  Epithelia. 

1.  From  epididymis.  Note:  basal  cells;  fusiform  cells; 
columnar  cells;  the  latter  bear  false  (non-vibratile)  cilia 
which  may  appear  to  be  fused  into  'brushes.^ 

2.  From  trachea.     The  columnar  cells  bear  true  cilia. 
How  does  this  type  of  epithelium  merit  its  name?     In 

what  situations  does  it  occur?    Do  the  three  cell  types  repre- 
sent growth  stages? 

C.   Stratified  Epithelia. 

1.  Transitional. 

(a.)  From  an  undistended  bladder.    Note  the  number  of 

strata  and    the  basal,  club-shaped,  and  squamous 

types  of  cells.    How  does  this  tissue  merit  its  name? 

(b)  From  a  disteftded  bladder.  Compare  with  (a).  Explain  the  changed 
a[)|)earan(c. 

2.  Stratified  squamous. 

(a.)  I-roni  the  front  oj  the  cornea.  Note  that  this  epithelium,  although 
but  a  few  cells  deep,  shows  inter^rades  between  columnar  and 
squamous  cells. 


1 8  LABORATORY   GUIDE   IN  HISTOLOGY. 

(b)  In  a  typical  section,  note:  basement  membrane; 
the  gradual  transition  in:  (i)  the  shape  and  size 
of  cells;  (2)  the  condition  of  the  nucleus;  (3)  the 
cytoplasmic  structure;  ^prickle  cells'  with  'inter- 
cellular bridges^'  their  function? 

How  is  a  stratified  epithelium  originally  formed?  Does 
a  similar  process  continue  throughout  life?  Do 
cilia  or  unicellular  glands  ever  occur?  Explain  the 
causes  of  cell  flattening. 

3.  Stratified  cubical. 

e.  g.,  Epidermis  of  an  amphibian.    Compare  with  preceding. 


D.   Modified  Epithelia. 

1.  Glandular. 

(a)  Unicellular.     Goblet  cells  have  been  studied  in  a 
previous  exercise  (p.  17). 

(b)  Multicellular.     Study  vertical  section  of  the  skin 

of  an  amphibian.     Note:    lumen  of  gland;    duct; 
shape  of  component  cells.     From  what  cells  was 
this  gland  derived? 
(The  cytology  of  gland  cells  and  the  structure  of  various 
glands  will  be  studied  in  detail  later  in  the  course.) 

2.  Ciliated. 

(a)  Stained  preparations.     Length  and  size  of  cilia? 

How  many  cilia  to  a  cell?    Views  as  to  structure 
and  action? 

(b)  Intestinal  epithelium  of  the  clam.   Insertions,  note:  cilia  ending  in 

basal  bodies  (centrosomes?),  from  which  a  brush  of  cytoplasmic 
fibrillce  extends  along  one  side  of  the  nucleus. 

(c)  Action  of  cilia.     Examine  scrapings  from  a  frog's 

throat  placed  in  normal  salt  solution.     Observe 


THE   EPITHELIAL  TISSUES.  19 

ciliary  action.    How  do  cilia  accomplish  effective 
work?    In  a  small  sheet  of  epithelium  in  surface 
view  observe  the  successive  wave  effects.     Com- 
pare   with  waves  in  water  or  in  a  wind-blown 
field  of  grain. 
Pigmented. 
{a)  Pigmented  retinal  epitlielium.     Note:    position  of 
nuclei  and  the  pigment-free,  adjacent  cytoplasm; 
pigment  granules.     In  lower  vertebrates  pigment 
changes  its  position  in  darkness  and  in  light.   Does 
this  occur  in  man? 
ih)   Pigmented  epidermal  cells.      Do    all   cells  of  the 
epithelium  contain  pigment? 
Neuro-epithelium. 

(a)  Gustatory  sense  cells.     Study  taste  cells  from  taste 

bud  of  tongue.    Observe  the  spindle  shape  and  the 
sensory  bristle  at  the  free  end. 

(b)  Olfactory  sense  cells.     Spindle-shaped  cells  whose 

round  nuclei  occupy  a  middle  zone  in  the  epi- 
thelium. 

(c)  Auditory  sense  cells.     Note   the  numerous  hairs. 

Their  function? 

(d)  Visual  sense  cells.  Identify  the  rod  and  cone  cells 
of  the  retinal  epithelium  and  the  various  differenti- 
ated portions  of  these  speciaUzed  cells. 


CHAPTER  III. 
THE  SUSTENTATIVE  TISSUES. 

A.  Connective  Tissue. 
I.  Embryonic. 

Mesenchyme.  Study  the  mesenchymal  cells  of  a  young 
embryo.  Are  there  discrete  cells?  What  is  a 
syncytium?  What  occupies  the  intercellular 
spaces?  What  is  the  significance  of  studying  this 
embryonic  tissue  at  this  point? 

II.  Loose  fibrous  tissue. 

1.  Reticular  tissue. 

(a)  Examine  under  very  low  magnification  a  thin  slice  of  a  lymphoid 

organ  which  has  been  subjected  to  tryptic  digestion,  leaving  the 
connective-tissue  framework  alone.  Observe  the  minutely 
branching  trestle-work  of  reticular  tissue.     Focus  freely. 

(b)  Study  the  reticulum  in  sections  of  a  lymphoid 
organ.  Note:  cells;  their  shape;  position  of 
nucleus;  fibrillce;  anastomosing  processes;  sharp- 
ness of  cell  outlines. 

How  does  reticular  tissue  differ  from  mesenchyma? 
What  occupies  the  interstices  between  cells? 
Where  in  the  body  is  reticular  tissue  found? 
What  is  'lymphoid  tissue^? 

2.  Mucous  tissue. 

(a)  Study  a  region  in  a  transverse  section  of  the  umbili- 
cal cord,  remote  from  blood  vessels.  Note:  cells; 
nuclei;   character  of  cytoplasm;   cell  processes;  in- 


THE   SUSTENTATIVE   TISSUES.  2l 

tercellular  matrix.  Do  all  processes  anastomose? 
Is  this  tissue  a  syncytium?  Nature  of  matrix? 
Is  mucous  tissue  found  in  adults? 
(b)  Study  a  region  fiear  blood  vessels.  Note :  modifica- 
tion of  cell  shapes;  mucin;  white  fibers  and  their 
relation  to  cells.  How  are  white  fibers  formed? 
3.  Areolar  tissue. 

(a)  Tease  a  small  shred  of  subcutaneous  fascia  in  nor- 
mal saline.  Mount  and  examine.  Note:  wavy 
bundles  of  white  fibers;  do  either  fibers  or  bundles 
branch?;  single,  hair-like,  tense  elastic  fibers; 
anastomoses? 

Compare  size  of  single  white  and  elastic  fibers.  Adap- 
tation of  areolar  tissue  to  its  uses? 

Draw  I  per  cent,  acetic  acid  under  cover  slip  with 
filter  paper.  Observe  immediately  and  explain 
result. 

(b)  Sections  of  the  digestive  tube  show  well  areolar 
tissue  between  the  epithehal  and  muscular  layers; 
with  ordinary  stains  elastic  libers  are  not  seen. 

(c)  Study  preparations  of  teased  fascia  stained,  e.  g.,  with  orange  G 

and  orcein.  What  can  be  said  of  the  specificity  of  these  stains? 
Follow  single  elastic  fibers  and  observe  anastomoses. 

(d)  Study  films  of  areolar  tissue  stained  with  methylene  blue.    Ob- 

serve various  forms  of  'conneclive  tissue  corpuscles'  in  the  inter- 
spaces and,  rarely,  migratory  granular  leucocytes  ('mast'  cells, 
etc.). 

III.   Compact  fibrous  tissue. 

I.   Elastic  tissue. 

(a)  Tea.sed    or  sectioned    ligamentum   nuchas  of  ox. 

Note:  size,  shape,  and  anastomoses  oi  fibers;  fiber 
sheath?;  interiibrillar  substance?;  what  is  it? 

(b)  Study  elastic  tissue  in  a  section  of  aorta  stained 
diflferentially  for  elastin.    Look  for  branching  and 


22  LABORATORY   GUIDE   IN  HISTOLOGY, 

anastomoses.    Where  else  in  the  body  does  dense 
elastic  tissue  occur? 

(c)  Study  in  surface  view  an  elastic  membrane  dissected  from  an  aorta. 
Why  called  a  'fenestrated  membrane^?  Revise  your  knowledge 
derived  in  (b). 

2.  Tendon  {compact  white  fibrous). 

(a)  Transverse  sections.  Note:  epitendineum  {vagina 
fibrosa);  peritendineum  (radial  septa);  blood  ves- 
sels; perifascicular  septa  {endotendineum) ;  fasci- 
culi; tendon  cells;  their' shape,  wing-like  processes, 
and  nuclei;  primary  fiber  bundles;  fibrillce?  Real 
shape  of  tendon  cells?  Relation  of  cells  to  fiber 
bundles? 

(b)  Longitudinal  sections.  Note:  psirallel  fiber  bundles; 
fibrillce?;   nuclei;   their  arrangement. 

Fitness  of  tendon  for  its  uses?  What  is  the  structure  of 
ligaments,  fascice,  and  aponeuroses? 

IV.  Modified  connective  tissue. 
I.  Adipose  tissue. 

(a)  Study  stages  in  the  formation  and  coalescence  of 
fat  droplets  (specifically  stained)  forming  in  con- 
nective tissue.  (If  such  preparations  are  not  avail- 
able, similar  stages  in  the  elaboration  of  fat  drop- 
lets may  be  found  in  mammary  gland  cells.) 

(b)  'Signet^  fat  cells.  These  represent  moderately 
distended  cells  in  connective  tissue,  free  from  pres- 
sure. Observe  the  position  of  the  cytoplasm  and 
its  abundance  near  and  remote  from  nucleus. 
Resemblance  of  cell  to  signet  ring?  Is  fat  actually 
present  in  this  preparation?    Explain. 

(c)  Aggregated  fat  cells  (e.g.,  in  the  panniculus  adi- 

posus).     Observe  separation  into  lobules  by  un- 


THE   SUSTENTATIVE   TISSUES.  23 

modified  connective  tissue.    Shape  of  cells?    Rea- 
son?   Functions  of  adipose  tissue? 

(d)  Study  in  surface  view  mesentery  stained  with  hematoxylin  and 
Sudan  III  or  Scharlack  R.  With  what  structures  are  fat  cells 
chiefly  associated?  Significance?  Staining  activity  of  hema- 
toxylin? Of  Sudan  III?  Specificity  of  the  fat  stain?  Its  use  as 
a  test?  Other  specific  fat  stains? 
2.   Pigment  cells. 

Obser\-e  pigment  cells  from  the  dermis  of  an  amphibian  or 
the  scale  of  a  fish.  Note:  nucleus;  cell  processes;  melanin 
granules  in  cytoplasm. 

Constancy  of  processes?  Correlation  of  pigment  distribution 
and  body  color  in  living  animal? 


B.  Cartilage. 
Hyaline  cartilage. 

(a)  Mount  fresh  sections  of  articular  cartilage  (e.  g.,  frog's  femur)  in 

picric  acid  solution.  Note:  perichondrium;  cartilage  cells  {single 
and  in  groups)  and  their  arrangement;  appearance  of  cells  near 
and  remote  from  perichondrium;  cytoplasmic  granules;  matrix; 
blood  vessels? 

Significance  of  cartilage  cell  groups? 

(b)  Study  sections  of  hyaline  cartilage.  Note:  peri- 
chondrium (outer  and  inner  layer)  and  its  compo- 
sition; transition  to  cartilage;  youngest  cartilage 
cells;  single  mature  cells  and  cell  groups;  lacuncE; 
lacunar  capsule;  matrix;  blood  vessels? 

What  are  the  events  of  perichondrial  cartilage  growth? 
Explain  the  relation  of  matrix,  lacunar  capsule, 
lacunar,  and  cells  from  the  standpoint  of  inter- 
stitial cartilage  growth.  Explain  presence  of  more 
or  less  isolated  cells  and  cell  groups  from  the 
standpoint  of  growth;  can  intermediate  stages  be 
found?  Do  lacunar  exist  in  life?  What  h' gristle'? 
Distribution  of  hyahnc  cartilage  in  the  body? 


24  LABOEATORY   GUIDE  IN  HISTOLOGY. 

2.  Elastic  cartilage. 

In  sections  (stained  for  elastin),  note:  perichondrium; 
cell  groups;  capsules;  matrix;  elastic  fibers  and  their  anasto- 
moses; white  fibers?;  relation  to  perichondrium;  blood 
vessels? 

Color  of  fresh  tissue?  Reason?  Occurrence  of  elastic 
cartilage  in  the  body? 

3.  Fibro-cartilage. 

In  sections,  note:  shape,  structure,  and  arrangement  of 
cells;  their  relation  to  matrix;  arrangement  of  white  fibrous 
tissue  bundles;  perichondrium?  Distribution  of  fibro-car- 
tilage? 

Compare  critically  hyaline,  fibro-,  and  elastic  cartilage. 

C.  Bone. 
I.  Adult  bone. 

{a)  Decalcified  long  bone.  In  a  transverse  section,  note: 
periosteum;  number  and  composition  of  its  layers ; 
perforating  fibers  (of  Sharpey);  their  purpose?; 
periosteal  {outer  circumferential)  lamellce;  Haversian 
systems;  interstitial  lamellce;  endosteal  {inner  cir- 
cumferential) lamellce;  endosteum;  marrow  cavity; 
with  what  does  it  connect?;  marrow, 
{b)  Ground  bone. 

{a')  Transverse  sections.  The  organic  matter  has 
been  removed  by  maceration.  Note :  periosteal 
lamellce;  Volkmann's  canals;  Haversian  systems; 
concentric  Haversian  lamellce;  lacunce;  canalic- 
uli;  interstitial  lamellce  and  arrangement  of 
their  lacunae. 
What  occupies  Haversian  canals? ;  lacunae? ;  canalic- 
uli?  Inter-relation  of  these  structures?  Rela- 
tion of  lacunae  to  lamellae? 


THE   SUSTENTATIVE   TISSUES.  25 

{b')  Longitudinal  sections.  Observe  anastomoses  of 
Haversian  canals  and  systems  and  their  rela- 
tion to  the  marrow  cavity.  Identify  all  struc- 
tures possible. 

(c)  In  decalcified  preparations  of  peeled-off  lamellae  viewed  on  the 
flat  (or  by  means  of  text  figures)  observe  the  fibrous  basis  of 
lamella.    What  are  the  decussating  fibers  (of  Sharpey)? 

2.  Development  of  bone. 

(a)  Intramemhranous  ossification. 

In  sections  of  developing  membrane  bone,  note: 
periosteum  and  its  inner  layer  of  osteoblasts;  con- 
nective-tissue matrix;  bone  spicules  and  matrix; 
osteogenic  fibers  at  the  growing  tips  of  spicules 
continuous  with  connective- tissue  fibers;  osteo- 
blasts;   bone  cells;    osteoclasts;    Howship's  lacunce. 

Become  famihar  with  the  role  of  each  of  the 
above  in  the  process  of  early  and  late  bone  forma- 
tion. 

(b)  Intracartilaginous  ossification. 

In  sections  of  an  ossifying  cartilage  bone,  note: 
perichondrium  and  its  transition  to  periosteum; 
structure  of  the  outer  fibrous  and  inner  osteogenic 
layer  of  periosteum;  periosteal  buds  of  'irrupted' 
osteogenic  tissue. 

Near  center  of  cartilage  observe  the  center  of 
ossification  with  its  primary  marrow  cavities.  From 
the  extremities  toward  this  center  note  the  change 
in  the  shape,  size,  and  arrangement  of  the  cartilage 
cells.  Identify:  calcifying  cartilage  matrix;  bony 
spicules  and  matrix;  osteoblasts;  bone  cells;  osteo- 
clasts; Ilowship's  lacunce. 

By  what  means  and  how  completely  is  calcified 
cartilage  resorbed?    Acquire  a  vivid  mental  picture 


26  LABORATORY   GUIDE  IN  HISTOLOGY. 

of  the  complete  process  of  intracartilaginous  ossi- 
fication in  light  of  the  preparation  before  you. 
What  is  the  ultimate  fate  of  bone  formed  in  this 
way?  Observe  the  intramembranous  ossification 
taking  place  under  the  periosteum.  Its  relation  to 
the  adult  'long'  bone?  How  do  long  bones  in- 
crease in  diameter  and  in  length?  Origin  of 
Haversian  systems?  Interpretation  of  interstitial 
lamellae? 

D.  Blood. 
I.   Erjrthroplastids  and  leucocytes. 

(a)  Make  a  fresh  preparation  of  amphibian  blood. 
Note:  erythrocytes:  their  size;  shape;  color;  nucleus; 
leucocytes:  their  relative  abundance;   size;  shape; 

.  pseudopodia;  nucleus;  cytoplasmic  granules;  ecto- 
plasm? Select  an  active  leucocyte  and  observe  its 
changes  in  form  and  ameboid  movement. 

(b)  Make  a  fresh  preparation  of  undiluted  human  blood 
and  examine  immediately.  Note:  single  erythro- 
plastids;  rouleaux;  leucocytes  and  their  relative 
abundance;  crenated  corpuscles.  Explain  all  con- 
ditions observed. 

(c)  Make  a  fresh  preparation  of  human  blood  diluted 

in  .85  per  cent,  saline  solution.  Note:  erythro- 
plastids:  their  shape  (make  many  observations  in 
surface  and  edge  view) ;  color;  nucleus?;  changing 
appearance  of  red  corpuscles  at  high  and  low  focus; 
leucocytes:  their  shape,  cell  processes?;  ameboid 
movements;?  nucleus;  cytoplasmic  granules. 

(d)  To  the  preparation  last  used  add  .4  per  cent,  saline  solution  by 

drawing  it  under  the  cover  glass  with  filter  paper.  Shape  of  ery- 
throplastids?  Next  draw  under  tap  water.  Observe  immediately 
and  explain  the  occurrences  of  the  entire  experiment.  What  is 
'  taking '?    What  are  '  blood  shadows '? 


THE   SUSTENTATIVE   TISSUES.  27 

(e)  Make  a  new  fresh  preparation  of  human  blood  and  dilute  with  .11 
per  cent,  saline  solution.  Observe  the  effect  on  red  corpuscles 
and  formulate  a  rational  explanation  for  all  the  phenomena  ob- 
served in  (d)  and  (e). 

2.  Blood  platelets. 

Prick  finger  through  a  drop  of  methyl  violet  in  .85  per 
cent,  saline  solution.  Mount  and  examine.  Note: 
leucocytes  and  their  nuclei;  blood  platelets:  their 
shape,  relative  size,  frequency,  and  structure;  ten- 
dency to  aggregate  in  groups?  What  are  platelets? 
Origin?  Function? 

3.  Stained  smears. 

In  stained  preparations  determine  the  approximate  rela- 
tive frequency  of  red  and  white  corpuscles.  Study  carefully 
the  cytology  of  leucocytes  according  to  the  following  classi- 
fication : 

(i)  Lymphocytes  (about  the  size  of  red  corpuscle  or 
somewhat  larger):  narrow  rim  of  non-granular 
cytoplasm;   round  checkered  nuclei. 

(2)  Large  mononuclear  leucocytes  (two  or  three  times 

size  of  red  corpuscles) :   considerable  non-granular 
cytoplasm;  pale,  round  or  bean-shaped  nuclei. 

(3)  Polymorphonuclear  leucocytes  (larger  than  red  cor- 
puscles) :  granular  cytoplasm ;  nucleus  variously 
constricted. 

(a)  Eosinophiles  (oxyphiles) :  coarse  eosinophilic 
granules. 

(b)  Basophiles   (mast  cells):   coarse  basophilic 
granules. 

(c)  Neutrophiles:  fine  neutrophiHc  granules. 
Compare  critically  each  type  with  the  others  and  esti- 
mate the  relative  frequencies.    Do  true  polynuclear 
forms  occur?    Are  blood  platelets  present?    Which 
types  are  most  actively  ameboid  and  phagocytic? 


28  LABORATORY   GUIDE  IN  HISTOLOGY. 

Primary    origin    of    basophilic    and    eosinophilic 
granules? 

4.  Fibrin. 

Study  stained  fibrin.  Note:  fibrin  filaments  and  their  arrangement; 
blood  platelets;  relation  of  platelets  to  fibrin;  significance? 

5.  Blood  crystals. 

Exainine  crystals  of  (a)  hemoglobin  and  (b)  hemin  and  observe  their  size> 
shape,  color,  and  relation  to  one  another.    Compare.    . 

6.  Technique  of  smears  and  staining. 

(a)  Wright's  Blood  Stain. 

(i)  Touch  drop  of  fresh  blood  to  slide  or  cover  glass  (cleaned  with 
alcohol).  With  a  quick,  even  stroke  of  a  cover  glass  spread  this 
drop  into  a  thin  film.  Wave  smear  preparation  in  air  to  hasten 
drying. 

(2)  Cover  preparation  with  Wright's  stain  and  allow  it  to  act  for 
one  minute. 

(3)  Add  to  the  stain  on  the  film  about  an  equal  amount  of  distilled 
water,  drop  by  drop,  until  the  stain  becomes  translucent  {not 
transparent)  and  a  yellowish,  metallic  scum  appears  on  the  sur- 
face.   Let  stand  for  two  and  one-half  minutes  (not  longer). 

(4)  Decolorize  by  dipping  preparation  into  distilled  water  until  the 
thinnest  parts  of  the  film  are  pinkish  orange  when  held  to  the 
light.    The  original  blue  coloration  should  practically  disappear. 

(s)  Draw  off  surplus  water,  blot  gently,  and  set  away  to  dry. 
(6)  When  thoroughly  dry,  mount  in  balsam. 

(b)  Jenner's  Blood  Stain. 

(i)  Stain  smears  for  two  to  five  minutes. 

(2)  Rinse  briefly  in  water,  blot,  dry,  and  mount. 

E.  Bone  Marrow. 

1.  Red  bone  marrow.  In  sections  and  smears,  note: 
megakaryocytes;  myelocytes;  stages  {erythroblast;  normo- 
blast) in  the  formation  of  erythroplastids;  various  types  of 
leucocytes;  reticulum;  fat. 

Shape  of  megakaryocyte  nucleus  (decide  only  after  study- 
ing many)?  Function  of  megakaryocytes?  Name  all  func- 
tions of  embryonic  and  adult  bone  marrow.  In  what  situa- 
tions does  it  occur? 

2.  Yellow  bone  marrow.  Compare  with  red  marrow  as 
to  structure,  function,  and  distribution. 


CHAPTER  IV. 
THE  MUSCULAR  TISSUES. 

A.  Non-striate  (Smooth)  Muscle. 

1.  Teased  cells.  Note:  shape  of  isolated  cells;  shape, 
position,  and  size  of  nucleus;  sarcoplasm,  perinuclear  cyto- 
plasm; myofibrils? 

2.  Sections  (e.  g.,  bladder;  intestine). 

(a)  Observe  the  inter-relation  of  cells  cut  longitudinally. 
Compare  apparent  lengths  of  cells  with  isolated 
elements.  Explain.  Compare  shape  of  nuclei 
with  those  of  connective  tissue;    diagnostic  value? 

(b)  In  fibers  cut  transversely,  note:  shape  and  variable 
size  oi  fibers;  position  oi  nucleus;  intercellular  ma- 
terial; arrangement  in  bundles.  Explain  variable 
size  of  fibers  and  inconstancy  of  nucleus.  Distribu- 
tion of  smooth  muscle  in  the  body? 

3.  Blood  supply.    In  sections  of  injected  smooth  muscle  observe  capillaries 
and  their  anastomoses  and  relation  to  muscle  fibers. 

B.   Striate  Muscle. 
I.  Cardiac  muscle. 

1.  Longitudinal  sections.  Note:  shape,  size,  and 
branching  of  'cells';  sarcolemma;  intercalated  discs; 
shape  and  position  of  nuclei;  sarcoplasm;  myofibrils; 
light  (isotropic)  and  dark  (anisotropic)  bands;  inter- 
muscular connective  tissue. 

Do  intercalated  discs  mark  cell  boundaries?  Is 
there  always  a  nucleus  between  two  successive  discs? 
Search  preparation  for  evidence  on  these  points. 

2.  Transverse  sections.  Note:  fiibers;  their  varia- 
ble shape;   position  of  nuclei;  sarcoplasm;  position  of 

29 


30  LABORATORY   GUIDE  IN  HISTOLOGY. 

myofibrils;  sarcolemma;  intermuscular  connective  tissue; 
capillaries.    Explain  frequent  absence  of  nuclei. 
II.   Skeletal  muscle. 

1.  Teased  fibers.  Tease  a  small  fragment  of  fresh 
muscle  in  normal  saline  solution  and  examine.  Note: 
size  and  shape  of  fibers;  myofibrils;  cross  striations; 
nuclei;  sarcolemma. 

Add  I  per  cent,  acetic  acid  and  observe  again. 

2.  Longitudinal  sections.  Note:  size  and  shape  of 
fibers;  branching?;  endomysium  and  its  nuclei;  sarco- 
lemma; shape,  position,  and  number  of  muscle  cell 
nuclei;  sarcoplasm;  myofibrils;  sarcostyles  {Koelliker's 
columns);  light  (isotropic)  bands,  bisected  by  Krause's 
membrane  (Z);  dark  {anisotropic)  bands  bisected  by 
Hensen's  membrane  (M);  on  either  side  of  Krause's 
membrane  an  accessory  membrane  (N) . 

The  Z  Hnes  divide  the  fibers  into  homologous 
segments  (sarcomeres) .  Number  of  nuclei  to  a  fiber? 
Is  the  fiber  a  syncytium?  Length  of  a  fiber?  Study 
the  sarcolemma  in  torn  or  shrunken  fibers. 

3.  Transverse  sections.  Note:  epimysium;  perimy- 
sium; fascicles;  endomysium;  blood  vessels;  sarcolemma; 
sarcoplasm;  nuclei;  their  position;  areas  of  Cohnheim; 
fibrils. 

Relation  of  Cohnheim's  areas  to  Koelliker's 
columns?  Interpretation  of  Cohnheim's  areas?  What 
visible  changes  occur  in  muscle  fibers  during  contrac- 
tion? Theories  of  contraction?  Why  do  muscles  en- 
large with  exercise?  Compare  critically  cardiac  and 
skeletal  muscle. 

4.  Blood  supply.  In  sections  of  injected  skeletal  muscle  observe  the  abun- 
dance of  anastomosing  capillaries  and  their  intimate  relation  to  muscle  fibers. 

5.  Relation  of  muscle  to  tendon.  Study  longitudinal  sections  through  the 
junction  of  the  two.  Observe  the  mode  of  insertion  and  attachment  of  muscle 
fibers.    Do  muscle  fibers  end  abruptly? 


CHAPTER  V. 
THE  NERVOUS  TISSUES. 

A.  CeUs. 

1.  Multipolar  cell  (of  spinal  cord).  Note:  nucleus; 
nucleolus;  chrojuatin? ;  cytoplasm;  neurofibrils;  Nissl  gran- 
ules?; dendrons  and  their  number;  axon;  how  distinguished 
from  dendron?;  implantation  cone  {axon  hillock). 

Toluidin  blue  preparations.  Compare  structures  with 
those  just  seen.  Note:  size,  number,  and  location  of  'Nissl 
granules.'  Are  they  found  in  dendrons?  In  axons?  Func- 
tion?    Causes  and  significance  of  chromatolysis? 

2.  Purkinje  cell  (of  cerebellum).  Note:  shape  of  cells; 
axon;  collaterals?;  dendrons  and  extent  and  system  of 
branching. 

3.  Pyramidal  cell  (of  motor  cortex).  Note:  shape;  di- 
rection of  apex;  axon  collaterals?;  dendrons;  branches. 

4.  Spinal  ganglion  cell.  Note:  cell  structure;  intra- 
cellular neurofibrils?;  short  intra-  or  extracapsular  den- 
drons? ^ end  discs'?;  fused  axon  and  dendron;  its  intracapsu- 
lar convolutions;  do  its  components  again  separate?; 
capsule  and  its  relation  to  the  surrounding  connective  tissue. 

5.  Sympathetic  ganglion  cell.  Compare  with  (4)  structure 
for  structure.    Wherein  do  they  differ? 

Size  limits  of  nerve  cells?  What  is  a  neuron?  Its  maxi- 
mum length?  Define  an  axon  and  dendron.  Function  of 
each . 

6.  Neuroglia  cells  and  fibers.  IdcniUy' spider' and' mossy' 
cells.  Appearance  and  distribution  of  fibers?  Their  rela- 
tion to  the  cells?     Origin  and  function  of  neuroglia  tissue? 

31 


32  LABORATORY    GUIDE   IN   HISTOLOGY. 

B.  Fibers. 

I.  Myelinated  fibers. 

1.  Teased  fibers.     Note:    axis  cylinder;    neurofibrils?; 

myelin  sheath;  myelin  segments;  incisures  and  seg- 
ments of  Schmidt-Lantermann;  their  interpreta- 
tion?; neurilemma  {sheath  of  Schwann);  it's,  nuclei; 
nodes  of  Ranvier;  internodal  segments. 

Why  does  osmic  acid  stain  myelin  black?  Is 
the  myelin  sheath  cellular?  Its  probable  function? 
What  is  a  possible  explanation  for  the  existence  of 
nodes  of  Ranvier?  Length  of  neurilemma  cells? 

2.  Transverse  section  of  a  peripheral  nerve  trunk.    Note: 

epineurium;  perineurium;  endoneurium;  Rente's 
sheath;  fascicles;  fibers;  axis  cylinder;  neurofibrils; 
neuroplasm;  myelin  sheath;  neurilemma. 

Are  fibers  uniform  in  size?  Significance?  Are 
the  neurilemma  and  sarcolemma  homologous 
structures? 

3.  Study  preparations  which  show  the  neurokeratin  framework  selec- 

tively stained.  In  silvered  preparations  observe  the  'cross  of 
Ranvier '  at  the  nodes.    Explain. 

II.  Unmyelinated  fibers. 

Observe:    axis  cylinder;    neurilemma?;    sheath  nuclei. 
Do  nodes  occur? 

III.  Nerve  terminations. 

Study  preparations  showing:  free  nerve  endings ;  muscle  spindles;  tactile 
and  lamellar  corpuscles,  motor  end  plates,  etc. 


PART  III.— MICROSCOPIC  ANATOMY  OF   ORGANS. 

CHAPTER  VT. 

THE  CIRCULATORY  SYSTEM. 

A.   Capillaries  and  Precapillaries. 

1.  Study  capillaries  in  pia  mater  or  mesentery.  Note: 
endothelium;  endothelial  nuclei;  cell  boundaries ;  supporting 
sheath?  How  can  the  diameter  of  these  vessels  in  micra 
be  estimated? 

2.  In  the  same  preparation  find  precapillaries.  Presence 
of  other  coats  besides  endothelium?  How  can  arterial  pre- 
capillaries be  distinguished  from  venous  precapillaries? 
Distinguish  the  nuclei  of  endothelium,  smooth  muscle,  and 
connective  tissue  by  their  shape  and  orientation. 

3.  Observe  the  shape  and  orientation  of  endotheUal  cells 
in  silvered  mesentery  or  pia  mater.    Nuclei? 

4.  Study  (e.g.,  in  placental  villi)  transverse  sections  of 
capillaries  and  precapillaries. 


B.   Arterioles  and  Venules. 

1.  Examine  larger  vessels  in  the  pia  mater  or  mesentery. 
Distinguish  an  outer  (connective  tissue)  coal,  middle  {muscu- 
lar) coat,  and  inner  {endothelial)  coat.  Differentiate  the 
nuclei  of  these  coats. 

2.  In  sections  find  an  arteriole  and  venule  of  the  same  size. 

Si 


34  LABORATORY   GUIDE   IN  HISTOLOGY. 

Note:   tunica  intima;  tunica  media;  tunica  externa.    Com- 
pare their  relative  thicknesses.    Relative  size  of  lumina? 

(a)  Arteriole.     In  the  tunica  intima  peripheral  to  the 

endothelium  distinguish  the  internal  elastic  mem- 
brane. Is  it  a  complete  membrane?  What  funda- 
mental tissues  comprise  the  media  and  externa? 

(b)  Venule.     Compare  the  intima  carefully  with  that 
of  the  arteriole.    Internal  elastic  membrane? 


C.  Arteries. 

1.  Transverse  section  of  a  medium-sized  artery.  Observe 
the  relative  thickness  of  the  three  tunics  and  the  funda- 
mental tissues  in  each. 

(a)  Tunica  intima.  Note:  endothelium;  how  many- 
cells  thick?;  subendothelial  layer;  what  funda- 
mental tissue  is  it?;  internal  elastic  membrane;  to 
which  tunic  does  it  belong? 

{b)  Tunica  media.  Note:  arrangement  and  relative 
amount  of  elastic  and  muscular  tissue;  reason?; 
presence  of  elastic  membranes? ;  reason? 

(c)  Tunica  externa.  Is  it  sharply  delimited?  Tissues 
present  and  their  arrangement?  Note:  external 
elastic  membrane;  is  it  a  single  membrane?;  to 
what  tunic  does  it  belong? ;    vasa  vasorum. 

2.  Transverse  section  of  the  aorta.  Compare  intensively 
with  medium-sized  artery.  Note:  difference  in  tunica 
intima;  composition  of  media;  amount  and  disposition  of 
elastic  tissue;  relative  thickness  of  tunics. 

3.  Examine  a  fenestrated  membrane  mounted  on  the  flat.  Propriety  of 
this  name? 

4.  For  comparison  study  a  small  artery.  Observe  the 
.relative  thickness  of  the  tunics  and  compare  the  amount 


THE   CIRCULATORY    SYSTEM.  35 

and  distribution  of  elastic  tissue  in  small-,  medium-,  and 
large-sized  arteries. 

D.  Veins. 

1.  Transverse  section  of  a  medium-sized  vein.  Observe 
the  relative  thickness  of  the  three  tunics.  Follow  the  direc- 
tions above  for  a  medium-sized  artery.  Do  the  following 
structures  occur:  internal  elastic  membrane?;  elastic  tissue 
in  media?;  external  elastic  membrane?  Compare  with 
medium-sized  artery  part  for  part. 

2.  Study  for  comparison  a  small  vein.  Is  there  a  sub- 
endothelial  layer?  Note  relative  thickness  of  tunics  and  com- 
pare with  a  medium-sized  vein  and  a  small  artery. 

3.  Longitudinal  section  through  a  vein  and  valve.  Note:  tunics  of  vein; 
arrangement  of  smooth  muscle  in  media;  tunics  involved  in  the  valve;  con- 
stituent, tissues  of  valve. 

E.  Heart. 

In  a  section  identify  the  three  layers  corresponding  to 
the  tunics  of  a  blood  vessel.  In  the  epicardium  observe  an 
outer  mesothelium  and  inner  areolar  tissue.  Between  the 
cardiac  muscle  fibers  of  the  myocardium  note  the  endomysium. 
The  endocardium  consists  of  endothelial  and  subendolhelial 
layers. 

F.  Lymph  Vessels. 
Transverse  section  of   the   thoracic   duel.     Identify  the 
three  tunics.       Which  type  of  blood  vessel  does  it  most 
closely  resemble?    Compare  with  a  blood  vessel  of  the  same 
caliber. 


CHAPTER  VII. 
THE  LYMPHATIC  ORGANS. 

A.  Diffuse  Lymphoid  Tissue. 

1.  Study  the  structure  of  lymphoid  tissue  (formerly  called 
adenoid  tissue).  What  fundamental  tissue  forms  the 
branched  and  anastomosing  meshwork?  Identify  the  va- 
rious types  of  cells  occupying  the  interstices. 

2.  Observe  the  diffuse  lymphoid  tissue  beneath  the  epi- 
thelial lining  of  the  intestinal  tract. 

B.  Lymph  Nodules. 

1.  Solitary  nodules. 

These  may  be  found  just  beneath  the  intestinal  epi- 
theHum.  Note:  their  greater  compactness,  which  delimits 
them  from  the  surrounding  diffuse  lymphoid  tissue;  pale 
germinal  center;  does  every  nodule  possess  one?;   mitoses. 

Compare  the  cells  in  the  germinal  center  and  periphery 
with  respect  to  the  amount  of  cytoplasm  and  the  size  and 
stainability  of  their  nuclei.  Why  is  the  germinal  center 
pale?     Appropriateness  of  this  name? 

Compare  with  the  more  frequent  solitary  nodules  of  the 
appendix. 

2.  Aggregate  nodules  (Peyer's  patches). 

Examine  a  section  of  the  small  intestine  passing  through  a 
Peyer's  patch.  Are  the  constituent  nodules  confluent  or 
separated  by  fibrous  tissue? 

Compare  with  the  nodules  of  the  appendix. 

36 


THE   LYMPHATIC    ORGANS.  37 

C.  Tonsil. 

1.  Palatine  tonsil. 

Study  vertical  sections.  Note:  epithelium;  how  many 
cells  thick?;  branching  crypts;  diffuse  lymphoid  tissue; 
lymph  nodules;  germinal  centers;  capillaries;  trabeculce; 
connective-tissue  capsule;  mucous  glands. 

Does  the  tonsillar  tissue  invade  the  suhmucosa?  Infil- 
tration of  epitheHum  by  leucocytes?  Where  most  frequent? 
What  are  'salivary  corpuscles^?  Why  is  the  tonsil  a  fre- 
quent portal  of  infection? 

2.  Lingual  tonsil. 

Compare  its  structure  with  the  palatine  tonsil.  Observe 
the  central  pit,  or  crypt,  of  each  lymphoid  mound.  These 
mounds  in  the  aggregate  constitute  the  'lingual  tonsil.' 

3.  Pharyngeal  tonsil. 

Note:  lymph  nodules;  epithelium;  pits;  the  lobulation 
and  poorly  circumscribed  Hmits  of  the  mass. 

What  are  the  'adenoids'  of  clinicians?  What  are  'tubal 
tonsils '? 

D.  Lymph  Gland  or  Node. 

1.  General  architecture.  (From  sections  of  an  entire 
gland.)  Note:  hilus;  capsule  and  septa-like  trabeculce  exten- 
ding inward  from  it;  cortex  and  lymph  nodules;  medulla  and 
medullary  cords;  peripheral  lymph  sinus;  cortical  and  medul- 
lary lymph  sinuses;  blood  vessels. 

2.  Detailed  structure. 

(a)  Capsule  and  cortex.  Note:  capsule  and  trabeculce; 
their  constituent  tissues;  relation  of  reticulum  to  trabeculce; 
lymph  nodules;  their  number  and  relation  to  trabeculae; 
germinal  centers  and  types  of  cells  present;  relation  of  nodule 
to  sinuses;  peripheral  sinus;  endothelial  lining?;  connection 


38  LABORATORY  GUIDE  IN  HISTOLOGY. 

of  peripheral  with  central  sinuses;  relation  of  central  sinuses 
to  trabeculae. 

(b)  Medulla.  Note:  medullary  cords;  germinal  centers?; 
sinuses  and  contents;  endothelial  lining?;  blood  vessels; 
their  relation  to  trabecules. 

(c)  Look  for  evidence  of  phagocytosis  by  leucocytes  and 
by  reticulum  cells.  What  are  the  functions  of  lymph 
glands?  Are  lymph  sinuses  well-defined  endothelial  tubes 
or  merely  irregular,  washed-out  channels  in  the  lymphoid 
tissue?  Have  they  an  endothelial  lining,  and  if  so  is  it 
complete? 

Be  able  to  trace  the  complete  course  of  the  lymph  and 
blood  into  and  out  of  the  gland.  Do  the  blood  capillaries 
and  lymph  sinuses  communicate? 


E.  Hemolymph  Gland  or  Node. 

Compare  part  for  part  with  the  lymph  gland,  using  the 
outline  above.  Are  there  distinct  lymph  nodules  or  ger- 
minal centers?  A  distinct  cortex  and  medulla?  Observe 
carefully  the  sinuses  and  their  contents.  Are  there  said 
to  be  lymphatic  connections?  Functions  of  hemolymph 
gland?    Where  found?    Normal  color? 


F.  Spleen. 

I.  General  architecture.  Study  vertical  sections  in  a 
region  near  the  capsule.  Note:  capsule;  at  right  angles  to 
it  interlobular  trabecules  which  bound  lobules;  intralobular 
trabeculce;  splenic  nodules  {Malpighian  corpuscles);  ger- 
minal centers?;  splenic  pulp;  arteries;  veins. 

About  how  wide  is  a  splenic  lobule?  Into  how  many 
compartments  is  it  said  to  be  divided?     Significance? 


THE   LYMPHATIC   ORGANS.  39 

2.  Detailed  structure. 

(a)  Connective-tissue  framework.  In  the  capsule  dis- 
tinguish the  outer  tunica  serosa;  what  is  its  structure?;  a 
more  common  name  for  it?  Identify  the  inner  tunica  al- 
buginea;  what  fundamental  tissue  present?;  how  does  it 
merit  its  name?  Composition  of  trabecules?;  relation  of 
trabeculae  to  the  reticulum?;  presence  of  veins  in  trabeculae. 

(b)  Splenic  nodule.  Note:  kinds  of  cells  present;  mi- 
toses; 'centrar  artery;  its  usual  position?  Why  are  two 
central  arteries  frequently  observed?  Occurrence  of  ger- 
minal centers?  Determine  if  possible  the  density  of  the 
reticulum  at  the  center  and  periphery  of  nodules. 

(c)  Splenic  pulp.  Note:  pulp  cords;  intercordal  splenic 
sinuses  showing  fenestrations  in  transverse  section;  erythro- 
plastids;  nucleated  erythroblasts? ;  lymphocytes;  other  leu- 
cocytes. 

Identify  the  splenic  cells  with  large  rounded  nuclei  and 
considerable  cytoplasm;  evidence  of  phagocytic  action?; 
what  type  of  leucocyte  do  they  resemble?;  are  the  two 
identical?  Smear  preparations  of  the  pulp  tissue  are  in- 
structive. 

What  are  the  functions  of  the  spleen  as  indicated  by  your 
observ^ations?  Compare  with  hemolymph  gland  as  to 
structure  and  function.  Contrast  the  spleen  with  a  lymph 
gland. 

3.  Blood  supply.  If  sections  of  injected  spleen  are  avail- 
able, study  the  relation  of  the  arteries  and  veins  to  each 
other  and  to  the  septa  and  splenic  nodules.  In  any  case 
understand  thoroughly  the  complete  circulation  of  the 
blood. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 
THE  DUCTLESS  GLANDS. 

A.  Thymus. 

1.  General  architecture.  In  sections,  identify:  lohes; 
lobules,  each  invested  with  a  fibrous  capsule  which  serves 
also  as  an  interlobular  septum;  intralobular  septa;  cortex; 
medulla;   thymic  (Hassal's)  corpuscles;   blood  vessels. 

Are  cortex  and  medulla  sharply  demarked?  Occurrence 
of  germinal  centers?  Extent  inward  of  intralobular  septa? 
May  the  medulla  interconnect  lobules? 

2.  Detailed  structure.  Identify  the  types  of  cells  found 
in  the  close-meshed  reticulum.  Mitoses?  What  differen- 
tiates the  lymphoid  tissue  into  a  distinct  cortex  and  medulla? 

Study  a  thymic  corpuscle.  Where  found?  Note:  central 
cells;  number?;  their  appearance  and  contents;  peripheral 
cells;  their  arrangement;  stainability  of  the  corpuscle; 
views  as  to  its  origin? 

Origin  of  the  lymphocytes?  How  much  of  the  thymus  is 
of  entodermal  origin? 

What  functions  may  be  inferred?  Action  of  its  internal 
secretion?  Correlation  between  size  of  thymus  and  age  of 
the  individual? 

Contrast  critically  the  thymus,  spleen,  and  lymph  gland. 

B.  Thyreoid. 

I.  General  architecture.  In  sections,  identify:  fibro- 
elastic  capsule;  interlobular  septa;  lobules;  follicles;  colloid; 
interfollicular  stroma  and  blood  vessels. 

40 


THE   DUCTLESS    GLANDS.  4 1 

2.  Detailed  structure. 

(a)  Follicular  epitJtelium.  Note:  number  of  cells  thick; 
correlation  of  follicle  size,  cell  shape,  and  amount  of  colloid 
content ;  position  of  nucleus;  character  and  stainability  of 
cytoplasm;   basement  membrane? 

Examine  the  character  of  the  colloid.  Cells,  vacuoles,  or 
other  inclusions?  Why  usually  a  spiny  border?  Relation 
of  colloid  to  the  internal  secretion? 

(b)  Interfollicular  stroma.  Constituent  tissues?  Observe 
the  rich  vascular  supply  and  its  intimate  relation  to  the 
folHcles;   significance? 

Trace  the  probable  path  of  exit  of  the  internal  secretion. 
Functions  of  the  thyreoid? 


C.  Parathyreoid. 

Study  sections.  Identify:  thin  capsule;  lobules?;  cellu- 
lar cords  or  masses;    connective- tissue  stroma;   blood  vessels. 

Examine  the  cellular  cords  or  masses  and  observe  the 
poorly  staining  chief  cells  and  acidophile  cells.  Note  the  re- 
lation of  the  abundant  sinusoidal  capillaries  to  the  gland 
tissue.     Is  colloid  ever  found? 

Origin,  location,  and  function  of  the  parathyreoids? 


D.  Suprarenal. 

1.  General  architecture.  Study  vertical  sections.  Iden- 
tify: capsule;  in  cortex,  zona  glomerulosa,  zona  fasciculata, 
and  zona  reticularis;  compare  their  breadths;  medulla;  blood 
vessels. 

2.  Detailed  structure. 

(a)  Cortex.  Note:  fibre-elastic  capsule;  delicate  tra- 
beculcB  extending  inward  and  bearing  capillaries;  shape  and 


42  LABORATORY   GUIDE  IN  HISTOLOGY. 

arrangement  of  cells  in  each  zone;  intimate  relation  to 
capillaries;  fat- vacuolated  cells  of  z.  fasciculata;  pigment- 
containing  cells  of  z.  reticularis. 

(b)  Medulla.  Note:  cellular  cords  and  masses;  usual 
stellate  appearance  of  chromaffin  cells;  reason?;  their  inti- 
mate relation  to  sinusoids;  veins;  arteries;  nerve  trunks 
and  cells? 

Correlate  the  adult  structure  of  the  suprarenal  with  its 
development.  What  is  adrenalin?  Where  formed  and  its 
function?    What  is  the  chromaffin  reaction? 

3.  Blood  supply.  By  means  of  injected  sections,  or  texts, 
learn  the  course  of  the  blood. 


E.  Carotid  Gland. 

In  sections  observe  the  spheroidal  cell  masses  embedded  in  connective 
tissue  and  the  constituent  cords  of  chromaffin  cells  bordered  by  sinusoidal 
capillaries.  What  is  its  origin,  location,  and  probable  function?  Compare 
with  descriptions  of  the  coccygeal  gland.    Is  the  latter  a  chromaffin  organ? 


F.  Hypophysis  (Pituitary  Body). 

1.  General  topography.  (Sagittal  sections.)  Identify: 
capsule;  anterior  {glandular)  lobe;  inter  glandular  cleft; 
intermediate  portion  with  colloid-iWed  cysts;  posterior  {neural) 
lobe. 

2.  Detailed  structure. 

(a)  Anterior  lobe.  Note:  fibrous  capsule;  delicate  tra- 
becul(E  extending  inward  from  it;  epithelial  cords;  branch- 
ing and  anastomoses? ;  shapes  of  cells  and  their  varieties  as 
to  the  character  and  stainability  of  their  cytoplasm;  ar- 
rangement of  these  types  of  cells  in  the  cords;  relation  of 
cords  to  sinusoidal  capillaries.  Compare  the  anterior  lobe 
with  the  parathyreoid. 


THE   DUCTLESS    GLANDS,  43 

(b)  Intermediate  portion.  Observe:  interglandular  cleft 
and  its  lining;  epitheKum-lined  cysts  containing  'colloid'; 
character  of  each ;  relative  abundance  of  capillaries  as  com- 
pared to  anterior  lobe. 

(c)  Posterior  lobe.  Study  the  delicate  capsule  and  the 
neuroglia  cells  and  fibers. 

How  does  the  hypophysis  develop  and  what  functions 
are  ascribed  to  the  anterior  and  intermediate  lobes? 


G.  Epiphysis  (Pineal  Body). 

In  a  section,  observe:  capsule;  Irabeculce;  poorly  defined /ofcc^;  pigment- 
containing  cells;  acerviilus  cerebri  {brain  sand) ;  rich  blood  supply. 

WTiat  is  the  ^pineal  eye'  of  certain  lizards.  Has  the  epiphysis  any  known 
function  in  man? 

Name  all  other  organs  with  internal  secretion  not  yet 
studied. 


CHAPTER  IX. 
SEROUS  AND  MUCOUS  MEMBRANES  AND  GLANDS. 

A.  Serous  Membranes. 

Study  sections  of  serous  membranes.  Kind  of  epithelium? 
What  special  term  is  applied  to  it?  Nature  of  tunica  pro- 
pria? What  is  the  subserous  layer?  In  what  situations  is 
it  absent?  What  are  'stomata'  and  how  are  they  inter- 
preted?    Character  of  the  secretion  and  its  use? 

How  do  serous  membranes  compare  with  synovial  mem- 
branes and  burscB  in  structure? 


B.  Mucous  Membranes. 

Study  sections  of  mucous  membranes  from  various  loca- 
tions. Compare  in  each  the  type  of  epithelium,  membrana 
propria*  (basement  membrane),  and  tunica  propria.  Occur- 
rence of  a  muscularis  mucosa?  In  what  locations  is  the 
tunica  propria  infiltrated  with  lymphocytes?  What  other 
structures  course  in  the  tunica  propria?  Compare  the  tunica 
propria  and  submucosa  as  to  structure,  compactness,  and 
function.  Presence  of  glands  in  submucosa?  Where  do 
mucous  membranes  occur?     Functions? 


C.  Glands. 

I.  Physiologic  types.     Mucous  and  serous  glands.    Study 
sections    in    detail.     Compare:     cytoplasm    and    secretion; 

*  Prominent  in  trachea. 
44 


SEROUS  AND  MUCOUS  MEMBIL\NES  AND  GLANDS.  45 

their  character  and  stainability;  position  and  shape  of 
nucleus.  In  a  mixed  gland  (e.  g.,  submaxillary)  these  con- 
trasts are  sharp. 

Difference  in  the  fresh  secretions  of  the  two  types  of 
gland?  Learn  the  secretory  cycle  in  each  type  and  find 
illustrative  stages.  What  is  a  ^crescent''  or  ^demilune'? 
How  is  its  secretion  carried  away? 

The  ductless  glands  have  been  studied  (pp.  40-43).  Specialized  types, 
such  as  cytogenic  glands  (p.  62)  and  sweat  and  sebaceous  glands  (pp.  73-74) 
will  be  taken  up  later  in  the  course. 

2.  Histologic  types.     Observe  the  following  types:     (i) 

simple  tubular  (e.  g.,  intestinal  glands  or  crypts);  (2)  con- 
voluted tubular  (e.g.,  sweat  glands);  (3)  branched  tubular 
(e.g.,  gastric  glands);  (4)  simple  and  branched  saccular 
(sebaceous  glands). 

Occasionally  instructive  sections  of  compound  glands  are 
found:  (i)  compound  tubular  (e.g.,  kidney;  testis);  (2) 
compound  tubulo-alveolar  (e.  g.,  salivary  glands;  pancreas); 
compound  saccular  (mammary  gland). 


CHAPTER  X. 

THE  DIGESTIVE  SYSTEM. 

I.  The  Oral  Cavity. 

A.  Lip. 

In  a  vertical  section,  note:  differences  in  thickness,  com- 
pactness, and  structure  of  epidermis  and  oral  epithelium; 
variations  in  height  of  connective- tissue  papillce;  why  is  the 
hp  red?;  transitions  at  edge  of  lip;  presence  of  hairs,  se- 
baceous glands,  and  sweat  glands  in  skin,  and  of  labial  glands 
(what  type?)  in  submucosa. 

Compare  the  looseness  of  the  mucous  membranes  of  the 
lip,  tongue,  and  hard  palate,  and  the  skin  of  the  back  of  the 
hand. 

B.  Teeth. 

1.  General  topography.  Examine  a  longitudinal  section 
of  an  entire  tooth.  Identify:  crown;  neck;  root;  pulp  cav- 
ity; root  canal;  enamel;  cement;  dentine. 

2.  Detailed  structure. 

(a)  Decalcified  tooth.  Study  the  contents  of  the  pulp 
cavity  in  sections.  Note:  reticular  tissue;  blood  vessels; 
nerves?;  odontoblasts  and  their  dentinal  (Tomes')  fibers  ex- 
tending into  the  dentinal  canals. 

Function  of  the  odontoblasts?  How  many  dentinal 
fibers  to  an  odontoblast?  Their  function?  Why  is  den- 
tine sensitive  to  pain? 

If  the  section  is  of  a  developing  tooth,  identify  the  inner 

46 


THE  DIGESTIVE   SYSTEM.  47 

enamel  epithelium  and  its  component  amelohlast  cells.    Ob- 
sen-e  the  cuticular  Tomes'  processes  extending  from  the  in- 
dividual odontoblasts.     How  is  enamel  formed? 
(b)  Ground  sections. 

(a')  Enamel.  Note:  enamel  prisms;  their  shape,  ar- 
rangement, and  markings;  contour  lines  (ofRetzius) ; 
enamel-dentine  junction ;  interglobular  spaces. 
(W)  Dentine.  Observe  the  dentinal  tubules.  What  is 
their  shape,  arrangement,  and  relation  to  the  pulp 
cavity?  Study  their  branching  and  anastomoses. 
Identify  the  contour  lines  {of  Owen)  and  the  granu- 
lar layer  (of  Tomes) . 
(c')  Cement.  Observe  the  lacunce  and  canaliculce.  Are 
lamellcB  well  marked?  What  is  cement  and  how  is 
it  formed? 

C.  Tongue. 

1.  General  architecture.  Study  vertical  sections.  Note: 
mucous  membrane  and  lingual  papillce;  dense  submucosa 
and  regional  variations  in  the  firmness  with  which  the 
mucosa  is  bound  to  it;  lingual  glands;  lingual  tonsil?; 
longitudinal,  transverse,  and  vertical  muscle  bundles;  lin- 
gual septum. 

What  is  the  method  of  insertion  of  muscle  fibers  into  the 
connective  tissue  of  the  mucous  membrane? 

2.  Lingual  papillae. 

(a)  Filiform  (and  conical)  and  fungiform  papillce.  Note : 
their  relative  abundance;  shape;  fitness  of  their  names?; 
primary  and  secondary  connective-tissue  elevations,  or 
papillce,  extending  into  them ;  presence  of  taste  buds? 

Compare  the  cornification  of  epithelium  in  the  two. 

(b)  Vallate  papillce.  Propriety  of  name?  Note:  re- 
stricted location  of  taste  buds  and  secondary  papillce;    von 


48  LABORATORY   GUIDE  IN  HISTOLOGY. 

Ehner's  glands;   what  type  of  gland?    Where  do  the  duels 
open? 

(c)  Foliale  papillce.  Compare  with  vallate.  How  do 
they  differ  in  gross  appearance?  Relative  development  in 
rabbit  and  man? 

(d)  Tasle  bud.  If  possible  distinguish:  darker  and  more 
slender  laste  cells  ending  in  cuticular  bristles  which  extend 
into  the  taste  pore;  paler  and  more  robust  supporting  cells. 


D.  Soft  Palate. 

Study  vertical  sections.  Note:  variation  in  epithelium 
on  nasal  and  oral  surfaces;  taste  buds?;  palatine  glands; 
fat;  muscle. 

The  palatine,  lingual,  and  pharyngeal  tonsils  have  been  treated  under 
lymphoid  organs  (p.  37). 

II.  The  Digestive  Tube. 

In  studying  the  digestive  tube  it  is  important  to  recog- 
nize the  unity  of  architecture  throughout.  Each  division 
from  within  outward  possesses  the  following  coats:  (i) 
mucosa,  including  the  muscularis  mucosce;  (2)  submucosa; 
(3)  muscularis,  with  its  inner  circular  and  outer  longitudinal 
layers;   (4)  serosa  or  adventitia. 

Compare  carefully  the  structure  and  relative  extent  of 
development  of  these  parts  in  the  various  divisions  of  the 
digestive  tube. 

A.  Esophagus. 

Study  sections  preferably  at  various  levels.  Note :  mucous 
membrane;  charsicteroi  epithelium;  cormectiye-tissue  papillce; 
lymph  nodules?;  direction  of  fibers  in  muscularis  mucosce. 
In  the  submucosa  observe  the  '  deep '  esophageal  glands  and 


THE  DIGESTIVE   SYSTEM.  49 

their  long  ducts;  type  of  gland  cell?  Study  the  structure 
and  arrangement  of  the  muscular  coats  and  of  the  fibrous 
cuiventitia. 

Significance  of  extensively  folded  mucosa?  How  are 
the  various  coats  affected  by  the  passage  of  food?  What  is 
the  distribution  of  striated  muscle?  Is  the  adventitial  coat 
a  serosa? 

B.  Cardio-Esophageal  Junction. 

Study  longitudinal  sections,  observing  the  abrupt  transi- 
tion between  the  two  types  of  epithelium. 

Compare  the  ^  superficiaV  esophageal  glands  with  the 
'deep'  ones  already  studied  as  regards  depth  of  position 
and  stainability.  Are  superficial  glands  located  elsewhere 
in  the  esophagus? 

Observe  the  type  of  epithelium  lining  the  cardia  and  com- 
pare the  cardiac  glands  with  the  superficial  esophageal 
glands.  Mucous  cells?  Acidophilic  cells?  Interpretation  of 
cardiac  glands?     Extent  of  area  occupied? 


C.  Stomach. 

1.  Compare  vertical  sections  through  various  regions. 
Note:  folded  mucosa;  absence  of  papillce;  gastric  pits; 
glands;  lymph  nodules?;  muscularis  mucosce;  how  many 
layers?;  submucosa;  muscularis;  presence  of  an  innermost 
oblique  muscular  layer?;  serosa;  how  is  it  different  from  the 
adventitia  of  the  esophagus? 

2.  Cardia.  This  has  been  studied  in  conjunction  with 
the  esophagus. 

3.  Fundus  or  corpus. 

(a)  Mucosa.  Study  vertical  sections  in  detail.  Deter- 
mine the  shape,  length,  and  extent  of  branching  of  the 


50  LABORATORY   GUIDE   IN  HISTOLOGY. 

gastric  {fundus)  glands  and  their  relation  to  the  gastric  pits 
(foveoli).  Tunica  propria?  Compare  the  surface  epithe- 
lium with  that  of  the  pits.     Why  do  not  goblet  cells  occur? 

(b)  Gastric  glands.  Identify  in  each  a  neck,  body,  and 
fundus.  Is  there  a  distinct  lumen?  Observe  the  shape, 
position,  and  relative  abundance  of  chief  cells.  Location  of 
the  nucleus  and  the  character  and  stainability  of  the  cyto- 
plasm? Make  similar  observations  on  the  parietal  cells; 
where  are  they  most  numerous?;  how  does  their  secretion 
reach  the  lumen?  What  functions  are  attributed  to  each 
t3Ape  of  cell? 

4.  Pylorus.  Compare  the  pyloric  and  fundic  epithelium 
as  regards :  depth  of  pit;  length  and  tortuousness  of  gland; 
shape  of  gland  cells  and  character  of  their  cytoplasm.  Nature 
of  the  secretion? 

D.  Small  Intestine. 
I.  Duodenum. 

(a)  Identify  in  sections  the  various  coats  and  compare 
with  esophagus  and  stomach.  Note:  plica  circulares; 
papillce;  intestinal  {Lieherkuhn' s)  glands;  duodenal  {Brun- 
ner's)  glands. 

(b)  Mucosa.  Study  the  columnar  epithelium,  noting 
gohlet  cells  and  the  striate  cuticula.  In  the  tunica  propria 
observe  the  diffuse  lymphoid  infiltration  and  occasional 
lymph  nodules.  How  do  the  latter  affect  the  villi  and 
glands  over  them?  What  coats  are  responsible  for  (i) 
plic(E  circulares;   (2)  villi? 

(c)  Villi.  In  villi  cut  variously  observe  the  core  of 
lymphoid  tissue  and  identify  the  axially  placed  lacteal  and 
the  delicate  blood  vessels.  Smooth  muscle  fibers?  What  is 
the  shape  of  an  entire  villus? 


THE   DIGESTIVE   SYSTEM. 


51 


(d)  Intestinal  glands.  Depth  of  penetration  into  mucosa? 
Branching?  If  possible  identify  the  granule  cells  of  Paneth. 
Their  significance?  Are  these  glands  actual  out-pocketings 
of  the  surface  epithelium  or  merely  crypts  formed  by  con- 
tiguous vilh?  How  may  glands  and  villi  be  distinguished 
in  transverse  section? 

(e)  Duodenal  glands.  Where  located?  Appearance  and 
stainabiHty  of  the  cells  and  nature  of  secretion?  Where  do 
the  ducts  open? 

2.  Jejunum  and  ileum. 

Follow  the  directions  for  the  duodenum.  Does  the  duod- 
enal (B runner)  type  of  gland  occur?  Relative  prominence 
of  plicce  circulares?  True  shape  of  entire  jejunal  and  ileal 
villi?  Look  for  aggregate  lymph  nodules  (Peyer's  patches) 
and  compare  with  sohtary  nodules.  Location  of  aggregate 
nodules? 

E.  Large  Intestine. 

1.  Colon. 

Study  sections.  Note:  absence  of  plicce  circulares  and 
villi;  columnar,  lining  epithelium;  does  it  contain  goblet 
cells?;  elongated  intestinal  glands  with  abundant  goblet 
cells;  frequent  solitary  lymph  nodules;  are  these  confined  to 
the  mucosa?;  arrangement  of  longitudinal  muscle  coat  into 
tcenice;  thickness  of  longitudinal  coat  between  ta:niaj? 
Relative  length  of  intestinal  glands  in  large  and  small  in- 
testine? 

2.  Appendix  or  vermiform  process. 

Compare  with  colon.  Tcenice?  Observe  the  extreme 
infiltration  of  the  mucosa  by  lymphocytes  and  the  number 
and  position  of  the  more  or  less  confluent  lymph  nodules. 
Is  the  muscularis  mucosce  intact? 


52  LABORATORY   GUIDE   IN  HISTOLOGY. 

F.  Rectum  and  Anus. 

In  a  longitudinal  section  observe  the  step-like  transition  in  epithelia. 
Size  of  rectal  glands?  Other  differences  from  colon?  Composition  of  internal 
and  external  sphincter?    Type  of  circumanal  glands? 

G.  Blood  Vessels  of  the  Digestive  Tube. 

Examine  sections  of  injected  stomach  or  intestine.  Dis- 
tinguish the  intramuscular-  and  extensive  submucous  plex- 
uses, whence  axial  arteries  extend  into  the  villi  and  periph- 
erally placed  veins  descend  the  villi  to  retrace  the  arterial 
course.     Richness  of  blood  supply  in  the  several  coats? 

What  is  the  arrangement  of  the  lymphatics? 

H.  Nerves  of  the  Digestive  Tube. 

Examine  for  nerve  cells  the  various  sections  already 
studied.  Look  for  the  myenteric  plexus  between  the  muscle 
coats;  for  the  submucous  plexus  in  the  submucosa.  If 
heavy-metal  preparations  are  available,  cells  and  fibers  are 
easily  demonstrated. 

Central  origin  of  these  fibers?  Probable  peripheral  dis- 
tribution?    Functions? 

III.  The  Glands  of  Digestion. 
A.  Salivary  Glands. 

The  small  glands  {labial,  lingual,  palatine,  and  von  Eb- 
ner's)  have  been  studied  in  connection  with  the  oral  cavity 
(pp.  46-48). 

I.  Parotid. 

(a)  General  architecture.  In  sections,  identify:  capsule; 
septa;  lobules;  interlobular  ducts;  intralobular  ducts;  alveoli 
or  acini;  blood  vessels. 


THE  DIGESTIVE   SYSTEM.  53 

(b)  Detailed  structure. 

(a')  Alveoli.  Note:  shape;  size  oi  lumen;  gland  cells; 
character  and  stainability  of  their  cytoplasm; 
zymogen  granules^;  position  of  nucleus;  basement 
membrane. 

The  parotid  is  a  compound  tubulo-alveolar  gland ;  ex- 
plain. Is  the  parotid  a  serous,  mucous,  or  mixed 
gland? 

(b')  Du^t  system.  Continuous  with  the  alveolus  is  the 
intercalary  {intermediate)  duct,  of  flattened  cells; 
n^t  in  order  is  the  secretory  {salivary)  portion,  of 
simple  columnar  cells  with  basal  striations;  finally 
comes  the  excretory  portion  with  cells  pseudostrati- 
fied  or  in  two  layers. 

Distinguish  these  divisions  in  transverse  and  longitu- 
dinal section.  Determine  which  are  interlobular, 
intralobular,  or  both. 

2.  Submaxillary. 

Is  the  general  architecture  and  duct  system  like  that  of 
the  parotid?  Estimating  from  their  relative  frequencies  in 
sections,  how  do  the  intercalary  and  secretory  ducts  compare 
in  length  with  those  of  the  parotid? 

Identify  mucous,  serous,  and  mixed  alveoli  and  compare 
as  to  shape,  size  of  lumen,  character  and  stainability  of 
cytoplasm,  and  position  of  nucleus.  What  is  the  proportion 
of  mucous  to  serous  alveoli?  What  are  ^crescents'  or  'demi- 
lunes'^ Their  abundance  and  significance?  How  is  their 
secretion  drained? 

3.  Sublingual. 

Compare  with  the  submaxillary.  Is  there  a  distinct 
capsuled  Judging  from  their  frequency  in  sections,  are  the 
secretory  ducts  long  or  short?  Do  intercalary  ducts  occur? 
Are  there  any  purely  serous  alveoli/     Can  this  be  decided 


54  LABORATORY   GUIDE  IN  HISTOLOGY. 

from  single  sections?  Compare  with  submaxillary  for 
frequency  of  crescents  and  the  total  ratio  of  serous  to  mucous 
cells. 

B.  Pancreas. 

1.  General  architecture.  In  sections,  identify:  lobules; 
capsule;  inter-  and  intralobular  septa  and  ducts;  alveoli  or 
acini;  pancreatic  islands  {of  Langerhans) ;    blood  vessels. 

2.  Detailed  structure. 

(a)  Alveoli.  Note:  shape  (compare  with  parotid); 
lumen?;  basement  membrane;  gland  cells;,  position  of  nu- 
cleus; zymogen  granules  and  their  position;  centro-alveolar 
or  centro-acinal  cells;  what  are  they?  Nature  and  function 
of  glandular  secretion? 

(b)  Duct  system.  Elongated  intercalary  {intermediate) 
ducts,  continuous  with  centro-alveolar  cells,  pass  over  into 
interlobular  {excretory)  ducts.  Distinguish  these  divisions. 
Do  secretory  ducts  occur? 

(c)  Pancreatic  islands.  Observe  their  size,  shape,  fre- 
quency, position,  and  relation  to  neighboring  alveoli.  Shape, 
character,  and  stainability  of  the  cells?  Note  their  ar- 
rangement into  anastomosing  cords  and  the  intimate  relation 
to  capillary  sinusoids.  Ducts?  Do  connections  exist  be- 
tween islands  and  alveoli  or  their  ducts?  Functions  of 
the  islands? 

What  gland  does  the  pancreas  most  resemble  in  struc- 
ture and  function?  Compare,  enumerating  five  important 
structural  differences. 

C.  Liver. 
I.  General  architecture.     Study  sections  of  pig  and  hu- 
man liver.     Identify:    capsule  {of  Glisson);    lobules;    their 
size,  shape,  and  arrangement;    interlobular  septa;    at  the 


THE  DIGESTIVE  SYSTEM.  55 

angles  of  the  lobules,  portal  canals  containing  each  a  branch 
of  the  portal  vein,  hepatic  artery,  and  bile  duct;  central  vein 
of  lobule,  from  which  radiate  sinusoids  separated  by  cords  or 
trabecules  of  liver  cells;  suhlohular  veins  coursing  indepen- 
dently in  the  interlobular  connective  tissue. 

In  what  essential  respect  does  the  liver  of  the  pig  differ 
from  that  of  man? 

2.  Detailed  structure. 

(a)  Connective-tissue  framework.  Fundamental  tissues 
present  in  the  serous  capsule?  In  the  interlobular  septa? 
Can  an  intralobular  reticulum  be  identified?  What  are 
stellate  cells  {of  Kupfer)  ? 

(b)  Portal  canal.  Look  for  these  at  the  angles  of  lobules. 
Identify:  thin-walled  interlobular  veins  (branch  of  portal), 
the  largest  of  the  three  chief  components;  interlobular  ar- 
tery (branch  of  hepatic),  the  smallest  of  the  three;  bile  duct, 
intermediate  in  size.  Search  also  for  lymphatic  vessels  and 
nerves. 

(c)  Parenchyma.  In  the  lobules  observe  the  radial  cords 
of  hepatic  cells.  Arrangement  and  anastomoses?  How 
many  cells  thick  are  the  cords?  Character  of  cytoplasm? 
Presence  in  cytoplasm  of  fat  globules  or  pigment?  May 
cells  have  more  than  one  nucleus?  Mark  the  intimate  re- 
lation to  bordering  sinusoids. 

(d)  Duct  system.  If  heavy-metal  preparations  are  avail- 
able,* study  the  arrangement  of  intralobular  bile  capillaries. 
With  how  many  cells  is  each  in  contact?  Structure?  In 
sections  of  portal  canals  examine  the  epithehum  and  fibro- 
elastic  coat  of  the  interlobular  bile  ducts.  Method  of  union 
between  interlobular  bile  ducts  and  bile  capillaries? 

3.  Blood   supply.     Study   sections,   preferably   injected. 

*  liile  ca|)ill;irits  arc  also  i)romincnt  in  ordinary  sections  of  salamander 
liver. 


56         ■  LABORATORY   GUIDE  IN  HISTOLOGY. 

Blood  enters  the  liver  through  the  interlobular  branches  of 
the  hepatic  artery  and  portal  vein,  already  seen  within  portal 
canals.  Quantity,  quality,  and  destination  of  blood  in 
each?  Within  lobules  note  the  extent  of  radial  capillary 
sinusoids,  their  anastomoses,  and  convergence  to  the  intra- 
lobular {central)  vein.  Look  for  lobules  cut  to  show  the  union 
of  central  and  suhlohular  veins;  the  latter  are  easily  identified 
by  their  thick  walls  and  isolated  position  in  the  interlobular 
connective  tissue.  Into  what  vessels  do  the  sublobular 
veins  drain?  Obtain  a  vivid  conception  of  the  complete 
course  of  the  blood. 

Are  ^hepatic  lobules^  comparable  to  lobules  of  other 
glands?     What  are  'portal  lobules'? 

4.  Gall  bladder.  In  vertical  sections,  identify:  mucosa;  submucosa? ; 
musciilaris;  serosa.  Type  of  folded  epithelium?  Goblet  cells?  Mucous 
glands?     Definite  arrangement  of  muscularis? 


CHAPTER  XI. 
THE  RESPIRATORY  SYSTEM. 

A.  Larynx. 

In  a  section  of  the  larynx,  note :  type  of  epithelium;  tunica 
propria;  lymphoid  cells;  submucosa;  type  of  gland;  muscle; 
cartilages;   more  than  one  type  of  cartilage? 

Vocal  cords.  Observe  the  type  of  epithelium;  its  close 
relation  to  the  fibrous,  elastic  'cords';  elastic  cartilage?; 
suhmucosa? 

B.  Trachea,  Bronchi  and  Bronchioles. 

1.  Trachea.  Study  transverse  sections.  Note:  mucous 
membrane;  type  of  epithelium;  goblet  cells;  prominent 
basement  membrane;  character  of  tunica  propria;  sub- 
mucosa; nature  of  its  tracheal  glands;  adventitia  containing 
tracheal  cartilages;  trachealis  muscle. 

2.  Bronchus.  Compare  with  trachea  as  regards:  epi- 
thelium; presence  of  cartilage  plates;  presence  of  muscularis 
muco'sce;  abundance  of  glands;  relation  to  pulmonary  and 
bronchial  blood  vessels. 

3.  Bronchiole.  Compare  with  bronchus  as  regards:  epi- 
thelium; glands;  cartilage;  relative  development  of  mus- 
cularis mucosce;   blood  vessels. 

C.  Lung. 

I .  Bronchi  and  bronchioles  are  continued  into  respiratory, 
or  terminal,  bronchioles,  with  epithelia  ranging  from  the  low, 

57 


58  LABORATORY   GUIDE  IN  HISTOLOGY. 

columnar,  ciliated  type  to  flattened,  non-ciliate,  and  non- 
glandular  respiratory  epithelium;  the  latter  is  partially  com- 
posed of  non-nucleated  plates.  Next  in  order  are  the  alveolar 
ducts,  having  respiratory  epithelium  and  scattered  bundles 
of  smooth  muscle.  Thence  non-muscular  atria  are  usually 
recognized,  leading  into  the  alveolar  sacs,  which  terminate  in 
pocket-hke  alveoli  of  respiratory  epithelium. 

Identify  the  above  divisions,  both  in  transverse  and 
longitudinal  section,  and  study  their  structure  in  detail. 
Understand  thoroughly  the  histology  of  the  alveoH  and 
their  relation  to  capillaries. 

2.  In  vertical  sections,  identify  and  study:  mesothelium 
and  thin  tunica  propria  of  pulmonary  pleura;  subserous 
layer  (fibro-elastic) ;    interlobular  septa;    interalveolar  septa. 

3.  Blood  supply.  Study  injected  sections,  observing 
the  profuse  capillary  net  and  its  intimacy  to  the  alveoH. 
Through  sections  and  texts  discover  the  complete  pul- 
monary and  bronchial  circulations,  giving  special  attention 
to  the  association  of  definite  blood  vessels  with  the  various 
divisions  of  the  respiratory  tree. 


CHAPTER  XII. 
THE  URINARY  SYSTEM. 

A.  Elidney. 

1.  General  architecture.  In  a  longitudinal  section  of  an 
entire  kidney,  identify:  capsule;  cortex;  medulla;  hilus 
leading  into  the  renal  sinus,  which  is  hned  by  the  pelvis  and 
calyces;  renal  (Malpighian)  pyramids,  each  projecting,  as  a 
renal  papilla,  into  a  calyx;  renal  columns  (of  Bertin)  formed 
by  the  cortex  dipping  down  between  pyramids  to  the  renal 
sinus;  in  cortex,  the  radially  arranged  pars  radiata  (medul- 
lary rays)  alternating  with  the  pars  convoluta  (labyrinths) ; 
in  the  pars  convoluta,  renal  {Malpighian)  corpuscles. 

2.  Detailed  structure. 

(a)  Learn  from  preparations  of  uriniferous  tubules  isolated 
by  teasing,  and  from  reconstruction  in  texts,  the  size  and 
shape  of  the  various  divisions  and  their  order  of  sequence. 

(b)  Cortex.  Study  radial  and  tangential  sections.  Ob- 
serve the  capsule  (constituent  tissues?),  numerous  blood 
vessels,  and  the  scanty  interstitial  tissue. 

In  the  pars  convoluta,  note:  renal  corpuscle;  its  glomerulus 
(afferent  and  efferent  vessels?) ;  glomerular  {Bowman's)  cap- 
sule and  its  visceral  and  parietal  epithelium;  neck,  its  posi- 
tion and  epithelial  transition;  proximal  and  distal  convo- 
luted tubules;  arched  collecting  {junctional)  tubules. 

In  the  pars  radiata,  note:  proximal  convoluted  tubules 
Cspiral  portion);  ascending  limb  of  Ilenle's  loop;  straight 
collecting  tubules. 

(c)  Medulla.     Study    radial    and    tangential    sections. 

59 


6o  LABORATORY   GUIDE   IN  HISTOLOCA'. 

Note:  descending  and  asce)idi}!g  limbs  of  Ilcnic's  loop: 
Eenle's  loop:  collecting  tubules:  papillary  ducts. 

(d)  Compare  the  various  tubules  as  regards:  size;  caliber 
of  lumen;  size  and  shape  of  cells:  character  and  stainability 
of  cytoplasm;   basement  membrane. 

Examine  proximal  convoluted  tubules  for  'rodded'  cyto- 
plasm and  state  of  preservation  of  free  edge.  How  is  the 
size  of  its  lumen  said  to  vary  with  functional  activity? 

How  far  into  the  medulla  may  Henle's  loops  dip?  Is 
there  any  correlation  between  the  position  of  Henle's  loop 
in  the  medulla  and  of  its  renal  corpuscle  in  the  cortex? 
What  is  the  correlation  between  the  depth  of  position  of 
Henle's  loop  and  the  length  and  disposition  of  its  thin  seg- 
ment? 

How  abundant  are  renal  corpuscles  just  beneath  the 
kidney  capsule?  Relative  size  of  alTerent  and  etTerent 
arterioles  of  glomeruli?  Significance?  Where  are  water 
and  salts  probably  excreted?  Where  urea?  Importance 
of  a  glomerulus  at  the  very  beginning  of  a  renal  tubule  in 
light  of  its  flushing  function? 

What  constitutes  a  'renal  lobule';  or  renculus,  the  ana- 
tomical unit  of  the  kidney? 

3.  Blood  supply.  Study  radial  sections  of  injected  kid- 
ney and  text  figures. 

Identify:  {di)  Arteries — interlobar;  arciform;  interlobular; 
afferent  and  efferent  arterioles  of  glomerulus;  glomerular 
capillaries;  arteriole  rectce.     What  is  a  rete  mirabile^ 

(b)  Veins — capillaries  of  cortex  and  medulla;  stellate; 
interlobular;  arciform;  venules  rectce;  interlobar. 

B.  Ureter. 

Transverse  sections.  Note:  folded  mucosa:  tunica  pro- 
pria; poorly  demarked  submucosa;  muscular  is;  adventitia. 


THE   URINARY   SYSTEM.  6l 

T\pe  of  epithelium.'*  Observe  the  intimate  relation  of  the 
abundant  capillaries  to  it;  are  any  capillaries  intra-epi- 
theUal?  Glands.^  Number  and  arrangement  of  muscle 
coats?  How  do  these  differ  in  the  upper  and  lower  halves 
of  the  tube?     Is  there  a  tunica  serosa?     Explain. 

Understand  the  gross  and  histologic  relations  between  the 
ureter,  renal  pehis,  calyces,  and  papiUary  ducts. 

C.  Bladder. 

1.  Vertical  sections.  (The  general  appearance  varies 
greatly  \\-ith  the  degree  of  distension.)  Identify  similar 
coats  as  in  the  ureter. 

Note:  presence  or  absence  oi  folds  in  the  mucosa;  binu- 
cleate  epithelial  cells?;  epithelial  pits  or  cryptsf;  glands?; 
solitary  lymph  nodules?;  interlacing  muscle  bundles;  can 
separate  muscular  coats  be  distinguished?;   tunica  serosa? 

2.  Distended  bladder.  Examine  vertical  sections  for  changes  in  the  epi- 
thelium and  muscularis.     What  has  happened  to  the  epithelial  celk? 

D.  Urethra. 

1.  Female  urethra. 

Transverse  sections.  Identify:  folded  mucosa;  tunica 
propria;  broad  submucosa  containing  many  thin-walled 
veins;   muscularis.     Is  there  an  adventitia? 

In  detail,  note:  t\-p€  of  epitlielium;  urethral  glands; 
nature  of  their  secretion?;  broad  venous  channels  in  sub- 
mucosa (corpus  cavernosum)  and  extending  into  muscularis; 
number  and  arrangement  of  muscular  coats.  Is  the  female 
urethra  erectile?  With  what  portion  only  of  the  male 
urethra  does  the  entire  female  urethra  correspond? 

2.  Male  urethra.  This  will  be  studied  in  connection  with 
the  penis  (p.  65). 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

THE  REPRODUCTIVE  SYSTEM. 

I.  Male  Genital  Organs. 

A.  Testis. 

1.  General  architecture.  •  Study  sections  (preferably  lon- 
gitudinal) of  an  entire  testis.  Identify:  tunica  albuginea; 
tunica  vasculosa;  mediastinum,  from  which  radiating  septula 
divide  the  testis  into  lobules;  within  lobules  convoluted 
seminiferous  tubules,  continuous  with  straight  tubules  which 
anastomose  in  the  mediastinum  to  form  the  rete  testis; 
ductuli  efferentes;  epididymis;  ductus  deferens?;  blood  vessels. 

2.  Detailed  structure.  Note:  seminiferous  tubules;  their 
fibrous  wall,  basement  membrane,  and  stratified  epithelium; 
various  strata  in  the  latter  exhibiting  stages  in  spermato- 
genesis; sustentacular  cells  {of  Sertoli)  and  the  distinctive 
position,  shape,  and  appearance  of  both  cells  and  nuclei; 
interstitial  cells  in  the  connective- tissue  stroma;  their  size, 
amount  of  cytoplasm  and  cytoplasmic  inclusions  (pigment 
granules,  fat  droplets,  or  rod-like  crystalloids). 

What  is  a  cytogenic  gland?  How  long  are  uncoiled  semi- 
niferous tubules?  Do  tubules  branch,  anastomose,  or  ex- 
hibit bhnd  ends?  How  many  tubules  to  a  lobule?  What 
functions  are  ascribed  to  the  sustentacular  cells?  What  to 
the  interstitial  cells? 

3.  Spermatozoa. 

(a)  Identify  the  head,  neck,  and  tail.  Shape  of  head  on  the 
flat  and  in  profile?     Relative  length  of  head  and  tail? 

62 


THE  REPRODUCTIVE  SYSTEM.  63 

Length  of  spermatozoa?     When  and  where  do  they  first 
become  motile?    Rate  of  swimming?    Orientation  to  ciliary 

currents? 

(b)  Lh'hig  spermatozoa.  Cut  fresh  epididymis  (preferably  of  a  dog) 
into  small  pieces  and  place  in  normal  saline  solution.  Mount  a  drop  of  the 
mixture  and  examine.  Observe  motility  and  variations  in  vigor.  Study 
the  undulatory  lashing  of  the  tail. 

4.  Spermatogenesis.  Developmental  stages  occur  in 
order  at  successive  levels  from  periphery  to  lumen  of 
seminiferous  tubules.  Note:  spermatogonia,  next  to  base- 
ment fmmhrane;  primary  spermatocytes  (largest  in  size); 
secondary  spermatocytes  (about  half  size  of  preceding); 
spermatids  (about  half  size  of  preceding);  spermatozoa. 

Which  stages  exhibit  mitoses?  Find  several  stages  in  the 
transformation  of  spermatids  into  spermatozoa.  Homolo- 
gize  the  various  parts  of  a  spermatozoon  with  the  cellular 
constituents  of  an  unchanged  spermatid. 

B.  Ductuli  effer antes. 

Study  sections  of  a  lobule  of  the  epididymis.  Note:  al- 
ternate groups  of  columnar  cells  (usually  cihated)  and  cu- 
boidal  cells  (occasionally  cihated)  producing  an  irregular 
lumen;  acidophilic  and  clear  cells  and  their  distribution; 
vesicular  masses  of  secretion?;  distinct  basement  membrane; 
circular  layer  of  smooth  muscle;  connective-tissue  stroma. 
Arc  the  cilia  motile? 

C.  Ductus  epididymidis. 

In  sections  of  ducts  cut  variously,  observe:  type  of  epi- 
thelium; character  of  cytoplasm;  matted  cilia;  basement 
membrane;  circular  muscle  layer;  connective-tissue  stroma. 

Compare    with    efferent    ducts.     Are    the   cilia   motile? 


64  LABORATORY   GUIDE  IN  HISTOLOGY. 

What  effect  has  the  secretion  of  the  epithehum  upon  sper- 
matozoa? 

D.  Ductus  deferens. 

Transverse  sections.  Note:  mucosa;  type  of  epithelium; 
absence  of  cilia;  tunica  propria;  robust  muscularis;  num- 
ber, arrangement,  and  relative  thickness  of  muscle  coats; 
adventitia. 

How  does  the  ampulla  differ  in  structure  from  the  duct 
proper? 

E.  Seminal  Vesicle. 

Vertical  sections.  Note:  sacculations,  Yioneycombed-iviih. 
epithelial  pits  and  folds;  mucosa;  type  of  epithelium;  glands?; 
tunica  propria;  muscularis;  number  and  arrangement  of 
muscular  coats;   adventitia. 

Identify  the  contents  of  the  lumen.  What  is  the  chief 
function  of  the  seminal  vesicle? 

Compare  the  structure  of  the  ejaculatory  duct  with  that 
of  the  ductus  deferens  (ampulla)  and  seminal  vesicle. 


F.  Prostate. 

Vertical  sections.  Note:  capsule  continuous  with  a  dense 
stroma;  constituent  tissues?;  sacculated  a/yeo/v  ty^&oi  epi- 
thelium?; prostatic  concretions,  their  occurrence,  size,  and 
markings;  how  interpreted? 

Nature  of  prostatic  secretion?  What  constitutes  semen? 
To  which  histologic  type  of  gland  (p.  45)  does  the  prostate 
belong? 

From  sections  or  texts  learn  the  structure  of  the  bulbo- 
urethral glands.  Probable  function?  Homologue  in  the 
female? 


THE   REPRODUCTIVE   SYSTEM.  65 

G.  Penis  and  Male  Urethra. 

1.  Corpus  penis. 

(a)  General  topography.  Study  transverse  sections. 
Identify:  epidermis;  corium;  subcutaneous;  panniculus 
adiposus?;  corpora  cavernosa  penis;  corpus  cavernosum 
urethra  (c.  spongiosum) ;  tunica  albuginea;  pectinijorm 
septum;  trabecule;  blood  vessels  and  spaces;  urethra. 

(b)  Detailed  structure.  Composition  of  tunica  albuginea? 
Number  and  arrangement  of  layers?  Why  is  the  septum 
called  'pectiniform'?  Constituent  tissues  of  trabecules? 
Location  and  characteristics  of  helicine  arteries?  Note  the 
thick-walled  blood  vessels  with  localized  intimal  swellings, 
and  tHe  endothelium-lined  venous  spaces  of  the  erectile  tissue. 

Understand  the  course  of  the  blood  in  the  flaccid  and 
erect  penis,  and  the  mechanics  of  erection.  Compare  the 
penis  and  clitoris  in  structure. 

(c)  Male  urethra.  Note:  mucosa;  type  of  epithelium; 
urethral  glands  (of  Littre);  tunica  propria  and  submucosa 
permeated  by  venous  spaces  of  the  erectile  tissue;  muscularis? 
tunica  albuginea. 

Learn  the  difference  in  the  prostatic,  membranous,  and 
cavernous  urethra  as  regards  epithelium  and  muscularis. 
The  entire  female  urethra  corresponds  to  how  much  of  the 
male  urethra? 

2.  Glans  penis.  Note:  Difference  in  the  epithelium  on 
the  outer  and  inner  surface  of  the  prepuce;  close  adherence 
of  the  epithelium  of  the  glans;  glands  of  Tyson?;  sensory 
corpuscles. 

Gross  relation  of  glans  to  corpus  penis? 


66  LABORATORY   GUIDE  IN  HISTOLOGY. 

II.  Female  Genital  Organs. 
A.  Ovary. 

1.  General  topography.  Study  sections  of  an  entire 
ovary.  Identify :  hilus;  cortex;  germinal  epithelium;  tun- 
ica alhuginea;  follicles  and  their  location;  cortical  stroma; 
corpus  luteum?;  corpus  albicans?;  medulla;  medullary 
stroma;    blood  vessels. 

2.  Detailed  structure. 

(a)  Cortex.  Note:  germinal  epithelium;  how  different 
from  ordinary  mesotheHum?;  tunica  albuginea  and  cortical 
stroma;  their  constituent  tissues? ;  'interstitial' cells?;  pri- 
mary and  vesicular  {Graafian)  follicles;  their  distribution 
according  to  degree  of  development. 

(b)  Vesicular  {Graafian)  follicles.  Study  a  maturing  fol- 
licle. From  without  inward,  note:  theca  folliculi;  its 
fibrous  tunica  externa  and  vascular  tunica  interna;  mem- 
brana  propria;  stratum  granulosum;  cavity,  or  antrum,  con- 
taining liquor  folliculi;  cumulus  oophorus;  corona  radiata; 
zona  pellucida;   ovum. 

In  ovum,  observe:  vitelline  membrane?;  cytoplasm,  con- 
taining deutoplasm;  nucleus;  chromatin  cords;  nucleolus. 

How  many  ova  are  present  at  birth?  Is  this  number 
subsequently  increased?  How  many  mature  in  a  life-time? 
Views  regarding  the  origin  of  the  zona  pellucida  and  liquor 
folHculi?  Views  as  to  the  mechanics  of  follicle  rupture? 
Look  for  atretic  follicles. 

(c)  Oogenesis.  Search  for  stages  illustrating  follicular 
development.  Study:  (i)  change  in  size  and  deutoplasm 
content  of  ova;  (2)  appearance  and  increase  in  thickness  of 
zona  pellucida;  (3)  change  from  a  single  layer  of  flattened 
or  cubical  follicular  cells,  through  stages  of  solid,  stratified, 
radiating  epithelium,  to  the  formation  of  a  cumulus  oophorus 


THE   REPRODUCTIVE   SYSTEM.  67 

and  stratum  granulosum  by  the  accumulation  of  liquor  fol- 
liculi;  (4)  arrangement  of  the  loose  stroma  into  the  theca, 
with  its  two  tunics. 

With  what  stages  in  spermatogenesis  do  the  ova  seen  cor- 
respond? What  stage  in  spermatogenesis  corresponds  to 
the  mature  ovum  and  polar  bodies? 

(d)  Medulla.  Observe  the  loose  stroma,  absence  of  fol- 
licles, and  abundant  Mood  vessels. 

3.  Corpus  luteum.  In  sections,  identify:  fibrous  capsule; 
corpus  hcemorrhagicum;  plicated  zone  of  lutein  cells  cut  into 
radial  cords  by  vascular  connective -tissue  traheculce;  size, 
shape,  and  character  of  lutein  cells;  their  fat-vacuolated 
cytoplasm. 

Origin  and  history  of  the  components  of  the  corpus 
luteum?  Origin,  structure,  and  fate  of  the  corpus  albicans? 
Do  the  corpus  luteum  verum  and  corpus  luteum  spurium  differ 
histologically?     Functions? 

B.  Uterine  Tube. 

1.  Isthmus  or  ampulla.  Transverse  sections.  Note: 
mucosa;  plicoe;  type  of  epithelium;  areas  of  non-ciliated 
cells?;  mucous  cells  or  glands?;  vascular  tunica  propria; 
does  it  contain  smooth  muscle?;  muscularis;  number  and 
arrangement  of  its  coats;    adventitia;   serosa? 

Functions  of  cilia?  Is  a  submucosa  recognizable?  May 
the  muscular  coat  be  considered  a  muscularis  mucosa? 
Compare  part  for  part  the  uterine  tube,  ductus  deferens, 
and  ureter. 

2.  Infundibulum.  Compare  sections  of  the  fimbriated 
end  of  the  tube  with  the  lower  portion  just  studied.  Rela- 
tive development  of  lumen,  plicce,  and  muscularis?  Do 
villi  occur?  Are  the  mucosa  and  serosa  continuous  at  the 
infundibular  margin? 

5 


68  Laboratory  guide  in  histology. 

C.  Uterus. 

1.  Resting  uterus. 

(a)  General  topography.  Study  transverse  sections  of  an 
entire  uterus  of  a  child  or  lower  mammal.  Identify:  lumen; 
mucosa  {endometrium);  its  extreme  thickness  and  glands; 
muscularis  {myometrium) ;  number  and  arrangement  of 
the  muscle  coats;    serosa  {perimetrium). 

Size  of  lumen  in  life?     Is  there  a  submucosal 

(b)  Detailed  structure.     (Vertical  sections  of  adult  uterus.) 
(a')  Mucosa.   Note:  type  of  epithelium;  ciHated  areas?; 

tunica  propria;  its  vascularity  and  highly  cellular 
character;  uterine  glands;  their  shape  and  lining 
epitheHum. 
How  do  the  glands  of  the  corpus  and  cervix  differ  as 
regards  shape  and  secretion?  What  are  'ovules  of 
Naboth'?  Function  of  the  cervical  glands  during 
pregnancy? 

(b')  Muscularis.  Distinguish  the  number,  arrange- 
ment, and  relative  thickness  of  the  poorly  defined 
muscle  coats.  Propriety  of  the  term  'stratum 
vasculare^  for  the  middle  layer?  Can  the  inner 
coat  be  regarded  as  an  hypertrophied  muscularis 
mucosce? 

(c')  Serosa.   Constituent  tissues? 

2.  Menstruating  uterus.  Study  vertical  sections.  Com- 
pare with  normal  uterus  as  regards:  thickness  of  mucosa; 
condition  of  epithelium  and  tunica  propria;  enlargement  of 
blood  vessels  and  glands;  hemorrhages,  subepithelial  and  ex- 
ternal. 

Extent  of  destruction  of  the  mucosa?  Method  of  repair? 
Understand  the  stages  of  the  menstrual  cycle  and  the  views 
regarding  its  significance. 


TIIE   REPRODUCTIVE   SYSTEM.  69 

D.  Decidual  Membranes. 

1.  Decidua  vera.  Vertical  sections  of  pregnant  uterine 
wall.  Observe  the  amnion  and  chorion  lying  on  the  decidua 
vera;  the  latter  is  di\isible  into  a  superficial  compact  and 
a  deep  cavernous  layer. 

Note:  absence  of  titerine  epithelium  and  glands  in  the 
compact  layer;  laterally  stretched  glands  in  the  cavernous 
layer;  decidual  cells;  their  size,  shape,  and  number  of  nuclei; 
their  origin?;   muscularis;   size  of  muscle  cells. 

2.  Decidua  basalis  and  placenta.     (Vertical  sections.) 

(a)  General  topography.  Identify:  in  placenta  foetalis, 
amnion,  chorion,  chorionic  villi  (free  and  attached),  inter- 
villous blood  spaces;  in  placenta  uterina  {decidua  basalis), 
compact  layer,  septa,  blood  vessels,  cavernous  layer,  glands? 

(b)  Detailed  structure. 

(a')  Observe  under  low  magnification  an   immersed  chorionic  villus, 
noting  its  broad  main  slems  and  profuse  terminal  branches. 

(W)  Chorionic  villi  in  section.  Observe:  axial  tissue 
and  vessels;  inner  epithelial  layer  (of  Langhans)? ; 
outer  syncytial  layer;  syncytial  knots;  canalized 
fibrin. 

(c')  Decidua  basalis.  Follow  directions  for  decidua 
vera  above;  in  addition  observe  septa  and  their 
contents  and  attached  chorionic  villi. 

3.  Blood  supply.  Trace  the  course  of  maternal  and  fetal 
blood.  What  simple  fact  indicates  that  these  do  not 
mingle?  Why  is  the  absence  of  clotting  in  the  intervillous 
spaces  remarkable?  What  functions  are  ascribed  to  the 
chorionic  syncytium? 


70  LABORATORY   GUIDE  IN  HISTOLOGY. 

E.  Vagina. 

Vertical  sections.  Note:  mucosa;  rugae;  type  of  epi- 
thelium; absence  of  glands;  papillce;  lymph  nodules?;  mus- 
cularis;  number  and  arrangement  of  its  coats,  fibrous  adven- 
titia. 

A  loose,  vascular  layer  deep  in  the  tunica  propria  is  some- 
times regarded  as  a  suhmucosa. 

F.  Mammary  Gland. 

This  will  be  treated  with  the  derivatives  of  the  skin 
(P-  74). 


CHAPTER  XIV. 
THE  SKIN  AND  CUTANEOUS  APPENDAGES. 

A.  Skin. 

1.  General  features.  With  a  lens  examine  the  volar 
surface  of  the  index  finger.-  Observe  the  sulci  and  crista 
and  the  rows  of  sweat  gland  pores  on  the  latter.  Compare 
the  skin  of  the  palm  and  dorsum  of  the  hand  and  of  the 
forearm. 

2.  Vertical  sections  (preferably  of  palmar  or  plantar  sur- 
face) . 

(a)  Epidermis.  Identify:  (i)  stratum  germinativum  com- 
posed of  a  basal  layer  of  columnar  cells  and  of  overlying, 
polygonal  prickle  cells;  mitoses?  (2)  stratum  granulosum, 
a  double  or  triple  row  of  coarsely  granular,  flattened  cells; 
(3)  stratum  lucidum,  a  thin,  clear  layer  with  indistinct  nuclei 
and  cell  boundaries;  (4)  stratum  corneum,  a  thick,  poorly 
staining  layer  of  progressively  flattened  and  cornified  cells. 

How  does  the  skin  of  the  general  body  surface  differ  from 
that  of  the  palm  or  sole  as  regards  the  number  of  strata 
present  and  the  thickness  of  each?  Where  is  the  pigment 
of  a  white  brunette  located?  Of  a  negro?  What  is  the 
histology  of  'freckles'  and  of  'tan'?  Views  as  to  pigment 
origin?  Learn  the  chemical  transformations  accompany- 
ing the  physical  changes  in  the  history  of  an  epidermal  cell. 

(b)  Corium  or  derma.  Distinguish  a  poorly  demarked, 
superficial  papillary  layer  and  a  deep,  looser  and  coarser 
reticular  layer.  What  is  the  general  direction  of  the  inter- 
lacing fibers? 

71 


72  LABORATORY   GUIDE  IN  HISTOLOGY. 

In  the  papillary  layer  identify  numerous  conical  papilla 
bounded  by  a  basement  membrane  and  containing  vascular 
loops  or  occasional  tactile  corpuscles. 

(c)  Subcutaneous.  Identify  bands  of  areolar  tissue  con- 
taining lobules  of  fat.  Find  here  and  in  the  deep  corium 
sweat  glands,  sebaceous  gland^,  hair  follicles,  and  occasional 
lamellar  corpuscles. 

What  constitutes  a  panniculus  adiposus? 


B.  Nails. 

1.  General  topography.  Examine  longitudinal  and 
transverse  sections.  Identify:  nail  body  overlying  the 
longitudinally  ridged  nail  bed  and  ending  distally  in  the 
free  edge,  with  its  subjacent  hyponychium;  nail  root,  begin- 
ning at  the  lunula  and  nail  groove  (sulcus),  with  its  over- 
hanging eponychium,  and  extending  proximally  over  the 
nail  matrix. 

2.  Detailed  structure. 

(a)  Nail  root.  Note:  epidermal  fold  of  the  sulcus  in 
which  Hes  the  nail  plate;  stratum  germinativum;  stratum 
granulosum?  What  layer  does  the  nail  plate  represent? 
Which  layer  comprises  the  eponychium?  Its  extent  into 
the  sulcus?  Explain  the  progressive  thickening  of  the  nail 
distad  and  the  general  method  of  nail  growth.  Extent  and 
interpretation  of  the  lunula? 

(b)  Nail  body.  Compare  with  the  nail  root.  Relation 
of  hyponychium  to  nail  bed?  Relation  of  nail  plate  to  epi- 
dermal strata  at  lateral  margins?  Significance  of  the  nar- 
row Hght  band  seen  just  proximal  to  the  free  edge  of  a  nail? 
Interpretation  of  white  spots  in  the  nail  plate?  Rate 
of  nail  growth?      Are  nails  replaced  after  total  removal? 


THE   SKIN  AND   CUTANEOUS   APPENDAGES.  73 

C.  Hair. 

1.  General  topography.  In  longitudinal  sections,  iden- 
tify: shaft;  root;  bulb;  follicle,  consisting  of  an  inner  and 
outer  epithelial  root  sheath  and  a  connective-tissue  sheath; 
papilla;  angular  insertion  of  hair;  sebaceous  glands;  arrec- 
tor  muscles. 

2.  Detailed  structure.  Transverse  and  longitudinal  sec- 
tions. From  without  inward,  note:  connective-tissue  sheath 
with  an  outer  longitudinal,  middle  circular,  and  inner  hyaline 
(i.  e.,  basement  membrane)  layer;  outer  root  sheath,  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  stratum  germinativum ;  inner  root  sheath, 
with  an  outer  Henle's  layer  (single  row  of  non-nucleated 
cells),  a  middle  Huxley's  layer  (two  or  three  rows  deep), 
and  a  cuticle  of  cornified  scales;  hair,  with  an  outer  cuticle, 
middle  cortex,  and  inconstant  medulla. 

Ascertain  the  structural  differences  at  various  levels 
from  texts  and  longitudinal  sections,  and  find  corresponding 
transverse  sections.  Note  especially  the  changes  in  the 
hair  cuticle  and  cortex  from  shaft,  through  root,  to  bulb. 
Contents  of  the  papilla?  In  light  of  its  development 
homologize  all  layers  of  the  hair  follicle  with  unmodified 
skin. 

Position  of  arrector  muscles  and  sebaceous  glands  with 
respect  to  each  other  and  to  the  angular  insertion  of  the 
hair?  Explain  ^ goose  flesh.'  What  cells  in  the  hair  bear 
pigment?  Causes  of  whitening  of  the  hair?  Method  and 
rate  of  hair  growth?  Method  and  frequency  of  replace- 
ment?    Will  hairs  forcibly  removed  be  replaced? 

C.  Sebaceous  Glands. 
Longitudinal  sections.     Identify:     fibrous  sheath;     base- 
ment membrane;    alveoli;   duct;    its  relation  to  the  hair  fol- 


74  -  LABORATORY   GUIDE  IN  HISTOLOGY. 

licle;    shape  and  character  of  basal  and  central  cells  of  al- 
veoli;  progressive  stages  in  fatty,  cellular  degeneration. 

What  is  the  composition  and  use  of  sebum?    Distribu- 
tion of  sebaceous  glands?    What  are  'black  heads'  and  'wens'? 


D.  Sweat  Glands. 

1.  General  topography.  Study  vertical  sections  of  skin. 
Observe:  position  and  size  of  coiled,  secreting  fundus;  size 
and  course  of  duct;  its  point  of  entrance,  with  respect  to 
papillae,  into  the  skin;   epidermal  portion  of  duct;  pore. 

2.  Detailed  structure.  Note:  connective-tissue  sheath; 
basement  membrane;  smooth  muscle  fibers  oiiundus;  type  of 
epithelium  of  fundus;  character  of  its  cytoplasm;  type  of 
epithelium  of  duct  in  corium;  structure  of  duct  in  epider- 
mis;   its  pronounced  spiral  epidermal  course. 

Composition  and  use  of  sweat?  Occurrence  of  modified 
sweat  glands? 

E.  Mammary  Gland. 

1.  General  topography.  Study  vertical  sections  or  text  figures, 
through  the  nipple  and  underlying  corpus.  Identify:  lohes;  lobules;  inter- 
lobular connective  tissue  and  fat;  alveoli;  lactiferous  ducts;  lactiferous  sinus; 
nipple;  areola. 

2.  Active  gland.  In  sections,  note:  interlobular  and 
interalveolar  connective  tissue;  alveoli;  basement  membrane; 
type  of  alveolar  epithelium;  its  variations  in  form  and  fat 
droplet  content;   ducts  and  their  contents. 

If  available,  study  osmic  preparations,  but  in  any  case 
understand  the  secretory  activity  of  the  epithelium.  Com- 
pare with  a  sebaceous  gland.  Is  fat  elaborated  by  the 
gland  cells  or  merely  transferred  through  them?  What  is 
said  to  help  the  fat  droplets  of  milk  remain  in  emulsion? 


THE  SKIN  AND  CUTANEOUS  APPENDAGES.       75 

What  are  ' untch  milk '  and  '  colostrum '?  Origin  of ' colostrum 
corpuscles '? 

To  which  histologic  type  (p.  45)  does  the  mammary  gland 
belong?  Compare  with  sweat  glands  in  development  and 
structure.  Significance?  What  are  the  areolar  glands  (of 
Montgomery)  ? 

3.  Resting  gland.  Compare  with  lactating  gland  as 
regards :  adipose  and  connective  tissue;  glandular  tissue  and 
ducts;  size  and  contents  of  their  lumina.  With  the  cessation 
of  lactation  do  alveoli  degenerate  in  part  or  merely  shrink? 
Postclimacteric  history?     Structure  of  the  male  mamma? 


INDEX. 


Adipose  tissue,  22 

Adult  bone,  24 

Aggregate  lymph  nodules,  36 

Amitosis,  15 

Amnion,  69 

Anaphase,  15 

Anus,  52 

Appendages,  cutaneous,  71 

Appendix,  vermiform,  51 

Areolar  tissue,  21 

Arteries,  34 

tunica  externa  of,  34 

intima  of,  34 

media  of,  34 
Arterioles,  33 


Basophiles,  27 
Bladder,  6i 

gall,  56 
Blood,  26 
crystals,  28 
platelets,  27 
stain,  Jenner's,  28 

Wright's,  28 
supply  of  decidual  memV^ranes,  69 
of  kidney,  60 
of  liver,  55 
of  spleen,  39 
vessels  of  digestive  tube,  52 
Bone,  24 
adult,  24 

decalcified,  long,  24 
development,  25 
ground,  24 
marrow,  28 


red,  28 
yellow,  28 
Bronchi,  57 
Bronchioles,  57 
Bud,  taste,  48 


Capillaries,  33 
Cardia,  49 


Cardiac  muscle,  29 
Cardio-esophageal  junction,  49 
Carotid  gland,  42 
Cartilage,  23 

elastic,  24 

fibro-,  24 

hyaline,  23 
Cell,  14 

division,  14 

liver,  of  salamander,  14 

mast,  27 

multipolar,  of  spinal  cord,  31 

nerve,  31 

multipolar,  14 

Purkinje,  31 

pyramidal,  31 

resting,  14 

spinal  ganglion,  31 

squamous,  14 

sympathetic  ganglion,  31 
Cement  of  teeth,  47 
Chorion,  69 
Chorionic  villi,  69 
Ciliated  epithelium,  18 
Circulatory  system,  33 
Colon,  51 

Columnar  epithelium,  16 
Connective  tissue,  modified,  22 
Corium,  71 
Corpus  luteum,  67 

of  stomach,  49 

penis,  65 
Crystals,  blood,  28 
Cubical  epithelium,  16 

stratified,  18 
Cutaneous  aj)pendages,  71 
Cytology,  14 


Decalcified  long  bone,  24 
Decidua  basalis,  69 

vera,  69 
Decidual  membrane,  69 
Dentine,  47 
Derma,  71 


77 


78 


INDEX. 


Digestion,  glands  of,  52 
Digestive  system,  46 

tube,  48 

blood  vessels  of,  52 
nerves  of,  52 
Ductless  glands,  40 
Ductuli  efferentes,  63 
Ductus  deferens,  64 

epididymidis,  63 
Duodenal  glands,  51 
Duodenum,  50 


Elastic  cartilage,  24 

tissue,  21 
Embryonic  tissue,  20 
Enamel  of  teeth,  47 
Endocardium,  35 
Endothelium,  16 
Eosinophiles,  27 
Epicardium,  35 
Epidermis,  71 
Epithelia,  modified,  18 

pseudostratified,  17 

simple,  16 

stratified,  17 
Epithelial  tissues,  16 
Epithelium,  ciliated,  18 

columnar,  16 

cubical,  16 

glandular,  18 

neuro-,  19 

pigmented,  19 

squamous,  16 

stratified  cubical,  18 
squamous,  17 

transitional,  17 
Eponychium,  72 
Erythroplastids,  26 
Esophagus,  48 


Female  genital  organs,  66 
urethra,  61 

Fibers,  nerve,  32 
myelinated,  32 
unmyelinated,  32 

Fibrin,  28 

Fibro-cartilage,  24 

Fibrous  tissue,  compact,  21 
white,  22 
loose,  20 

Foliate  papillae,  48 


Follicle,  Graafian,  66 
Fundus  of  stomach,  49 


Gall  bladder,  56 
Ganglion  cell,  spinal,  31 

sympathetic,  31 
Gastric  glands,  50 
Genital  organs,  female,  66 

male,  62 
Gland,  carotid,  42 

ductless,  40 

duodenal,  51 

gastric,  50 

hemolymph,  38 

intestinal,  51 

lymph,  37 

mammary,  74 
active,  74 
resting,  75 

mucous,  44 

of  digestion,  52 

para  thyreoid,  41 

parotid,  52 

salivary,  52 

sebaceous,  73 

serous,  44 

sublingual,  53 

submaxillary,  53 

suprarenal,  41 

thymus,  40 

thyreoid,  40 

sweat,  74 
Glandular  epithelium,  18 
Glans  penis,  65 
Graafian  follicle,  66 
Granules,  Nissl,  14 
Ground  bone,  24 


Hair,  73 
Heart,  35 

Hemolymph  gland,  38 
Hemolymph-node,  38 


Hyaline  cartilage,  23 
Hyponychium,  72 
Hypophysis,  42 


Ileum,  51 
Intestinal  glands,  51 


INDEX. 


79 


Intestine,  large,  51 

small,  50 
Intracartilaginous  ossification,  25 
Intramembranous  ossification,  25 


Jejunum,  51 

Jenner's  blood  stain,  28 


Kidney,  blood-supply  of,  60 
detailed  structure,  59 
general  architecture,  59 


Large  intestine,  51 

Leukocytes,  26 

large  mononuclear,  27 
polymorphonuclear,  27 

Lingual  papillae,  47 
tonsil,  37 

Lips,  46 

Liver,  54 

blood  supply  of,  55 
cell  of  salamander,  14 
detailed  structure,  55 
general  architecture,  54 

Long  bone,  decalcified,  24 

Lungs,  57 

Lymph  gland,  37 
nodules,  36 
aggregate,  36 
solitary,  36 
vessels,  35 

Lymphatic  organs,  36 

Lymph-node,  37 

Lymphocytes,  27 

Lymphoid  tissue,  diffuse,  36 


Male  genital  organs,  62 

urethra,  61,  65 
Mammalian  ovum,  14 
Mammary  gland,  74 

active,  74 

resting,  75 
Marrow,  Iwne,  28 

red,  28 

yellow,  28 
Mast  cells,  27 
Membranes,  mucous,  44 

serous,  44 
Menstruating  uterus,  68 


Mesothelium,  16 

Metaphase,  15 

Mitosis,  15 

Mononuclear  leukocytes,  large,  27 

Mucosa  of  duodenum,  50 

of  stomach,  49 
Mucous  glands,  44 

membranes,  44 

tissue,  20 
Multipolar  nerv'e  cell,  14 
Muscle,  cardiac,  29 

non-striate,  29 

skeletal,  30 

smooth,  29 

striate,  29 
Muscular  tissues,  29 
Myelinated  nerve  fibers,  32 
Myocardium,  35 


Nails,  72 
Nerve  cells,  31 

multipolar,  14 
fibers,  32 

myelinated,  32 
unmyelinated,  32 
terminations,  32 
Nerves  of  digestive  tube,  52 
Nervous  tissues,  31 
Neuro-epithelium,  19 
Neutrophils,  27 
Nissl  granules,  14 
Node,  hemolymph-,  38 

lymph,  -37 
Nodes  of  Ranvier,  32 
Nodules,  lymph,  36 
aggregate,  36 
solitary,  36 
Non-striate  muscle,  29 


Oogenesis,  66 
Oral  cavity,  46 
Ossification,  intracartilaginous,  25 

intramembranous,  25 
Ovary,  66 

Ovum,  mammalian,  14 
Oxyphiles,  27 


Palate,  soft,  48 
I'alatine  tonsil,  37 
Pancreas,  54 


8o 


INDEX. 


Papillae,  foliate,  48 

lingual,  47 
Parathyreoid  gland,  41 
Parotid  glands,  52 
Penis,  65 

corpus,  65 

glans,  65 
Peyer's  patches,  36 
Pharyngeal  tonsil,  37 
Pigmented  epithelium,  19 
Pituitary  body,  42 
Placenta,  69 
Platelets,  blood,  27 
Precapillaries,  33 
Prophase,  15 
Prostate,  64 

Pseudo-stratified  epithelia,  17 
Purkinje  ceU,  31 
Pyramidal  cell,  31 


Ranvier's  nodes,  32 
Rectum,  52 
Red  bone  marrow,  28 
Reproductive  system,  62 
Respiratory  system,  57 
Resting  cell,  14 

uterus,  68 
Reticular  tissue,  20 


Salia'^ary  glands,  52 
Sebaceous  glands,  73 
Seminal  vesicle,  64 
Serous  glands,  44 

membranes,  44 
Skeletal  muscle,  30 
Skin,  71 

Small  intestine,  50 
Smears,  technic,  28 
Smooth  muscle,  29 
Soft  palate,  48 
Solitary  l)anph  nodules,  36 
Spermatids,  63 
Spermatocytes,  63 
Spermatogenesis,  63 
Spermatogonia,  63 
Spermatozoa,  62 
Spinal  cord,  multipolar  cell  of,  31 

ganglion  cell,  31 
Spleen,  38 


Spleen,  blood  supply  of,  39 
detailed  structure,  39 
general  architecture,  38 

Squamous  cell,  14 
epithelium,  16 
stratified,  17 

Stain,  Jenner's  blood,  28 
Wright's  blood,  28 

Staining,  technic,  28 

Stomach,  49 
mucosa  of,  49 

Stratified  epithelium,  1 7 
cubical,  18 
squamous,  18 

Stratum  germinativum,  71 
granulosum,  71 

Striate  muscle,  29 

Sublingual  glands,  53 

Submaxillary  glands,  53 

Suprarenal  gland,  41 

Sustentative  tissues,  20 

Sweat  glands,  74 

Sympathetic  ganglion  cell,  31 


Taste  bud,  48 
Teeth,  46 

cement  of,  47 

enamel  of,  47 
Telophase,  15 
Testes,  62 
Thymus  gland,  40 
Thyreoid  gland,  40 
Tissue,  adipose,  22 

areolar,  21 

connective,  20 
modified,  22 

diffuse  lymphoid,  36 

elastic,  21 

embryonic,  20 

fibrous,  compact,  21 
white,  22 
loose,  20 

mucous,  20 

muscular,  29 

nervous,  31 

reticular,  20 
Tongue,  47 
Tonsils,  37 
Trachea,  57 

Transitional  epithelium,  17 
Tunica  externa  of  arteries,  34 


INDEX. 


Tunica  inlima  of  arteries,  34 
media  of  arteries,  34 


Unmyelinated  ner\'e  fibers,  32 
Ureter,  60 
Urethra,  61 

female,  61 

male,  61,  65 
Urinar)'  system,  59 
Uterine  tube,  67 
Uterus,  68 

menstruating,  68 

resting,  68 


Vagina,  70 
Veins,  35 
Venules,  33 

Vermiform  appendix,  51 
Vesicle,  seminal,  64 
Villi,  chorionic,  69 
of  duodenum,  50 


Wright's  blood  stain,  28 


Yellow  bone  marrow,  28 


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BdKm,  Da¥E(dl(0)lFlFp  H^fesir's  Hkfeology 

Histoiogy.  By  A.  A.  Bohm,  M.  D.,  and  I\I.  von  Davidoff, 
M.  D.,  of  Munich.  Edited  by  G.  Carl  Huber,  M.  D.,  Professor 
of  Embryology  at  the  Wistar  Institute,  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. Octavoof  528  pages,  377  illustrations.  Flexible  cloth,  I3. 50 
net.  Second  Edition. 

This  work  is  conceded  to  be  the  most  complete  text-book  on  human 
histology  published.  Particularly  full  on  microscopic  technic  and 
staining,  it  is  especially  serviceable  in  the  laboratory.  Every  step  in 
technic  is  clearly  and  precisely  detailed.  It  is  a  work  you  can  depend 
upon  always. 

New  York  Medical  Journal:  "There  can  be  nothing  but  praise  for 
this  model  text-book  and  laboratory  guide." 

(icifeir^s  MiHiLairy  HygkinKi 

Military  Hygiene  and  .Sanitation.      By  Lieut.-Col.   Frank    R. 

Keeper,  Professor  of  Military  Hygiene,  United   States  Military 

Academy,  West  Point.     i2mo  of  305  pages,  illustrated.      Cloth, 

$1.50  net. 
You  get  here  chapters  on  the  care  of  troops,  recruits  and  recruiting,  per- 
sonal hygiene,  physical  training,  preventable  diseases,  clothing,  equip- 
ment, water-supply,  foods  and  their  preparation,  hygiene  and  sanitation 
of  posts,  barracks,  the  troopship,  marches,  camps,  and  battlefields;  dis- 
posal of  wastes,  tropic  and  arctic  service,  venereal  diseases,  alcohol,  etc. 


Saunders'  College  Text-Books 


Owcgm^s  TireaitinnKEiniit  ©f  lEm®irg(Biriici(ig 

The  Treatment  of  Emergencies.  By  Hubley  R.  Owen,  M.  D.,  Sur- 
geon to  the  Philadelphia  General  Hospital.  i2mo  of  500  pages, 
with  249  illustrations. 

Dr.  Owen's  book  gives  you  not  only  the  actual  technic  of  the  procedures, 
but  also  the  reason  why  a  particular  method  is  advised.  This  makes 
for  correctness.  You  get  chapters  on  fractures  of  all  kinds,  on  contu- 
sions and  wounds,  going  fully  into  symptoms,  treatments,  and  complica- 
tions. Particularly  strong  is  the  chapter  on  gunshot  wounds,  which 
gives  the  new  treatments  that  the  great  European  War  has  developed. 
You  get  the  principles  of  hemorrhage,  together  with  its  constitutional 
and  local  treatments.  You  get  chapters  on  sprains,  strains,  disloca- 
tions, burns  and  scalds,  etc.  The  book  is  complete;  it  is  thorough; 
it  is  practical. 

Brady^i  P(iiri(0)inial  Hamlftk 

Personal  Health.  By  William  Brady,  M.  D.,  Elmira,  New  York. 
1 2mo  of  407  pages.     Cloth,  $1.50  net.  Just  Issued. 

Dr.  Brady  teaches  you  how  to  take  care  of  yourself,  how  to  forestall  ill- 
ness, how  to  apply  sound,  practical  judgment  to  the  routine  of  your 
daily  life.  He  gives  you  a  clear  idea  of  the  causes  of  ill-health  of  any 
kind.  He  prescribes  simple  treatments  when  these  are  sufiScient.  He 
carefully  indicates  the  stage  at  which  professional  advice  should  be 
sought.  He  knows  what  you  want,  for  fifteen  years'  experience  has 
taught  him.    . 

The  Prevention  of  Disease.  By  Kinelm  Winslow,  M.  D.,  formerly 
Assistant  Professor  of  Comparative  Therapeutics,  Harvard  Uni- 
versity.    i2mo  of  348  pages,  illustrated.     Cloth,  I1.7S  net. 

This  book  is  a  practical  guide  for  the  layman,  giving  him  briefly  the 
means  to  avoid  the  various  diseases  described.  The  chapters  on  diet, 
exercise,  tea,  coffee,  and  alcohol  are  of  special  interest,  as  are  those  on 
the  prevention  of  cancer,  colds,  constipation,  obesity,  nervous  disorders, 
tuberculosis,  infantile  paralysis,  sex  hygiene,  decayed  teeth,  colds, 
enlarged  tonsils  and  adenoids,  and  the  diseases  of  middle  age.  The 
work  is  a  record  of  twenty-five  years'  active  practice. 


Saunders'  College  Text-Books 


Veterinary  Bacteriology  By  Robert  E.  Buchanan,  Ph.  D.,  Pro- 
fessor of  Bacteriology,  and  Charles  Murray,  B.  Sc,  D.  V.  M., 
Associate  Professor  of  Veterinary  Bacteriology,  Iowa  State  College 
of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts.  Octavo  of  590  pages,  illustrated. 
Cloth,  $3.50  net.  New  (2d)  Edition. 

Professor  Buchanan's  new  work  goes  minutely  into  the  consideration 
of  immunity,  opsonic  index,  reproduction,  sterilization,  antiseptics, 
biochemic  tests,  culture  media,  isolation  of  cultures,  the  manufacture 
of  the  various  toxins,  antitoxins,  tuberculins,  and  vaccines. 
B,  F.  Kaupp,  D.  V.  S.,  State  Agricultural  College,  Fort  Collins:  "  It  is 
the  best  in  print  on  the  subject.  •  What  pleases  me  most  is  that  it  con- 
tains all  the  late  results  of  research." 

Sksomi^s  Aimaifeoinffiy  ®f  D®inni(g§iti€  Aimnmiik 

Anatomy  of  Domestic  Animals.  By  Septimus  Sisson,  S.  B.,  V.  S., 
Professor  of  Comparative  .Anatomy,  Ohio  State  University.  Octavo 
of  930 pages,  725  illustrations.   Cloth,  $7.30  net.    New  {2d)  Edition. 

Here  is  a  work  of  the  greatest  usefulness  in  the  study  and  pursuit  of 
the  veterinary  sciences.  This  is  a  clear  and  concise  statement  of  the 
structure  of  the  principal  domesticated  animals — an  exhaustive  gross 
anatomy  of  the  horse,  ox,  pig,  and  dog,  including  the  splanchnology  of 
the  sheep,  presented  in  a  form  never  before  approached  for  practical 
usefulness. 

Prof.  E.  D.  Harris,  North  Dakota  Agricultural  College:  "  It  is  the  best 
of  its  kind  in  the  English  language.     It  is  quite  free  from  errors." 

ophthalmology  for  Veterinarians.  By  Walter  N.  Sharp,  M.  D., 
Professor  of  Ophthalmology,  Indiana  Veterinary  College.  i2mo 
of  210  pages,  illustrated.    Cloth,  $2.00  net. 

This  new  work  covers  a  much  neglected  but  important  field  of  veter- 
inary practice.  Dr.  Sharp  has  presented  his  subject  in  a  concise,  crisp 
way,  so  that  you  can  pick  up  his  book  and  get  to  "  the  point "  quickly. 
He  first  gives  you  the  anatomy  of  the  eye,  then  examination,  the  various 
diseases,  including  injuries,  parasites,  errors  of  refraction. 
Dr.  George  H.  Glover,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Fort  Collins: 
"  It  is  the  best  book  on  the  subject  on  the  market." 


Saunders'  College  Text-Books 


The  Horse  in  Health  and  Disease.  By  Frederick  B.  Hadley, 
D.  V.  M.,  Associate  Professor  of  Veterinary  Science,  University 
of  Wisconsin.     i2mo  of  260  pages,  illustrated.     Cloth,  $1.50  net. 


This  new  work  correlates  the  structure  and  function  of  each  organ  of 
the  body,  and  shows  how  the  hidden  parts  are  related  to  the  form, 
movements,  and  utility  of  the  animal.  Then,  in  another  part,  you  get 
a  concise  discussion  of  the  causes,  methods  of  prevention,  and  effects 
of  disease.  The  book  is  designed  especially  as  an  introductory  text  to 
the  study  of  veterinary  science  in  agricultural  schools  and  colleges. 


KsiMpp^i  P©"Mlftiry  CMlftMir(i 

Poultry  Culture,  Sanitation,  and  Hygiene.  By  B.  F.  Kaupp,  M.  S., 
D.  V.  M.,  Poultry  Investigator  and  Pathologist,  North  Carolina 
Experiment  Station,     izmo  of  417  pages,  with  ig?  illustrations. 

Cloth,  $2.00  net. 

This  work  gives  you  the  breeds  and  varieties  of  poultry,  hygiene  and 
sanitation,  ventilation,  poultry-house  construction,  equipment,  ridding 
stock  of  vermin,  internal  parasites,  and  other  diseases.  You  get  the 
gross  anatomy  and  functions  of  the  digestive  organs,  food-stuffs,  com- 
pounding rations,  fattening,  dressing,  packing,  selling,  care  of  eggs; 
handling  feathers,  value  of  droppings  as  fertilizer,  caponizing,  etc.,  etc. 


\cK\  Dk(iai(ii  ©ff 


Diseases  of  Swine.  With  Particular  Reference  to  Hog-Cholera. 
By  Charles  F.  Lynch,  M.  D.,  D.  V.  S.,  Terre  Haute  Veterinary 
College.  With  a  chapter  on  Castration  and  Spaying,  by  George 
R.  White,  M.  D.,  D.  V.  S.,  Tennessee.  Octavo  of  741  pages, 
illustrated.     Cloth,  $5.00  net. 

You  get  first  some  80  pages  on  the  various  breeds  of  hogs,  with  valu- 
able points  in  judging  swine.  Then  comes  an  extremely  important 
monograph  of  over  400  pages  on  hog-choJera,  giving  the  history,  causes, 
pathology,  types,  and  treatment.  Then,  in  addition,  you  get  complete 
chapters  on  all  other  diseases  of  swine. 


Saunders'  College  Text-Books 


L^ik^s  Efemdimte  ©f  MM£ri£fl(0)irii 

EUmenta  of  Nutrition.  By  Graham  Lusk,  Ph.  D.,  Professor  of 
Physiologj',  Cornell  Medical  School.  Octavo  of  402  pages,  illus 
trated.     Cloth,  $3.00  net.  Second  Edition. 

The  clear  and  practical  presentation  of  starvation,  regulation  of  tem- 
perature, the  influence  of  protein  food,  the  specific  dynamic  action 
of  food-stuflfs,  the  influence  of  fat  and  carbohydrate  ingestion  and  of 
mechanical  work  render  the  work  unusually  valuable.  It  will  prove 
extremely  helpful  to  students  of  animal  dietetics  and  of  metabolism 
generally. 

Dr.  A.  P.  Brubaker,  Jefferson  :\Iedical  College:  "  It  is  undoubtedly  the 
best  presentation  of  the  subject  in  English.    The  work  is  indispensable." 


[©wdf S  P 


Dii©gy 

Physiology.  By  William  H.  Howell,  M.  D  ,  Ph.  D.,  Professor 
of  Physiology,  Johns  Hopkins  University.  Octavo  of  1020  pages, 
illustrated.     Cloth,  $4.00  net.  iVea,  (6tK)  Edition. 

Dr.  Howell's  work  on  human  physiology  has  been  aptly  termed  a 
"  storehouse  of  physiologic  fact  and  scientific  theory."  You  will  at 
once  be  impressed  with  the  fact  that  you  are  in  touch  with  an  expe- 
rienced teacher  and  investigator. 

Prof.  G.  H.  Caldwell,  University  of  North  Dakota:  "Of  all  the  text- 
books on  physiology  which  I  have  examined,  Howell's  is  the  best." 


Hygiene.  By  D.  H.  Bekgky,  M.  D.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Bac- 
teriology, University  of  Pennsylvania.  Octavo  of  529  pages,  illus- 
trated.    Cloth,  $3.00  net.  New  {$lh)  Edition. 

Dr.  Bergey  gives  first  place  to  ventilation,  water-supply,  sewage,  indus- 
trial and  school  hygiene,  etc.  His  long  experience  in  teaching  this  sub- 
ject has  made  him  familiar  with  teaching  needs. 

J.  N.  Hurty,  M.  D.,  Indiana  University:  "  It  is  one  of  the  best  books 
with  which  I  am  acquainted." 


lo  Saunders'  College  Text-Books 


iri©iffiaJi  injgmnm 


Personal  Hygiene.  Edited  by  Walter  L.  Pyle,  M.  D.,  Fellow 
of  the  American  Academy  of  Medicine.  i2mo  of  543  pages,  illus- 
trated.    Cloth,  §1.50  net.  New  {6th)  Edition. 

Dr.  Pyle's  work  sets  forth  the  best  means  of  preventing  disease — the  best 
means  to  perfect  health.  It  tells  you  how  to  care  for  the  teeth,  skin, 
complexion,  and  hair.  It  takes  up  mouth  breathing,  catching  cold, 
care  of  the  vocal  cords,  care  of  the  eyes,  school  hygiene,  body  posture, 
ventilation,  house-cleaning,  etc.  There  are  chapters  on  food  adulter- 
ation (by  Dr.  Harvey  W .  Wiley),  domestic  hygiene,  and  home  gymnastics. 
Canadian  Teacher:  "Such  a  complete  and  authoritative  treatise 
should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  teacher." 


Personal  Hygiene  and  Physical  Training  for  Women  By 
Anna  M.  Galbraith,  M.  D.  lamo  of  393  pages,  illustrated. 
Cloth,  $2.25  net.  New  (2d)  Edition. 

Dr.  Gaibraith's  book  meets  a  need  long  existing — a  need  for  a  simple 
manual  of  personal  hygiene  and  physical  training  for  women  along  sci- 
entific lines.  There  are  chapters  on  hair,  hands  and  feet,  dress,  devel- 
opment of  the  form,  and  the  attainment  of  good  carriage  by  dancing, 
walking,  running,  swimming,  rowing,  etc. 

Dr.  Harry  B.  Boice,  Trenton  State  Normal  School:  "It  is  intensely 
interesting  and  is  the  finest  work  of  the  kind  of  which  I  know." 


Exercise  in  Education  and  Medicine.  By  R.  Tait  McKenzie, 
JVI.  D.,  Professor  of  Physical  Education,  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. Octavo  of  585  pages,  with  478  illustrations.  Cloth,  $4.00 
net.  New  {2d)  Edition. 

Chapters  of  special  value  in  college  work  are  those  on  exercise  by  the 
different  systems:  play-grounds,  physical  education  in  school,  college, 
and  university. 

D.  A.  Sargent,  M.  D.,  Hemenway  Gymnasium:  "It  should  be  in  the 
hands  of  every  physical  educator." 


Saunders'  College  Text-Books _J^ 


ImmtdUtc  Care  of  the  Injured.  By  Albert  S.  Morrow,  M.  D., 
Adjunct  Professor  of  Surger>',  New  York  Polyclinic.  Octavo  of 
360  pages,  242  illustrations.     Cloth,  $2.50  net.         Second  Edition. 

Dr.  Morrow's  book  tells  you  just  what  to  do  in  any  emergency,  and  it 
is  illustrated  in  such  a  practical  way  taat  the  idea  is  caught  at  once. 
There  is  no  book  better  adapted  to  first-aid  class  work. 
Health:  "Here  is  a  book  that  should  find  a  place  in  every  workshop 
and  factory  and  should  be  made  a  te.xt-book  in  our  schools." 

Am^ricaini  Illlll^yi§ilirait@(dl  Dktfloinimiry 

American  Illustrated  Medical  Dictionary.  By  W.  A.Newman 
DoRLAND,  M.  D.,  Member  of  Committee  on  Nomenclature  and 
Classification  of  Diseases,  American  Medical  Association.  Octavo 
of  1 137  pages,  with  323  illustrations,  119  in  colors.  Flexible 
leather,  $4.50  net;  thumb  indexed,  $5.00  net.      New  (8th)  Edition. 

If  you  want  an  unabridged  medical  dictionary,  this  is  the  one  you 
want.  It  is  down  to  the  minute;  its  definitions  are  concise,  yet  accu- 
rate and  clear;  it  is  extremely  easy  to  consult;  it  defines  all  the  newest 
terms  in  medicine  and  the  allied  subjects;  it  is  profusely  illustrated. 
John  B.  Murphy,  M.  D.,  Northwestern  University:  "It  is  unquestion- 
ably the  best  lexicon  on  medical  topics  in  the  English  language,  and 
with  all  that,  it  is  so  compact  for  ready  reference." 

American  Pocket  Medical  Dictionary.  Edited  by  W.  A.  New- 
man DoRLAND,  -M.  D.  693  pages.  Flexible  leather.  $1.25  net; 
thumb  index,  $1.50  net.  New  igth)  Edition. 

A  dictionary  must  be  full  enough  to  give  the  student  the  information 
he  seeks,  clearly  and  simply,  yet  it  must  not  confuse  him  with  detail. 
The  editor  has  kept  this  in  mind  in  compiling  this  Pocket  Dictionary. 

I.  V.  S.  Stanitlaua,  M.  D.,  Medico-Chirurgical  College:  "We  have 
been  strongly  recommending  this  little  book  as  being  the  very  best." 
DESCRIPTIVE    CIRCULARS    OF   ALL    BOOKS    SENT   FREE 


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